Survey of Obstetric Providers to Assess Knowledge and Management of a Reported Penicillin Allergy in Pregnant Women
Jennifer J. Cate, Martina Burn, Jason Kwah, Jane Liao, Jessica L Illuzzi, Uma M. Reddy, Moeun Son. Survey of Managing Reported Penicillin Allergy in Pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. DOI: 10.1055/a-1877-9970

​Prophylaxis Against Early-onset Group B Streptococcus Infections in Pregnant Women Who Are Allergic to Penicillin
Nadeau HCG, Edwards RK. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Dec;62(4):771-780. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000455.

​Management of Persons Who Have a History of Penicillin Allergy​
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2010

A cohort study of intrapartum group B streptococcus prophylaxis on atopic dermatitis in 2-year-old children
Hong, Z., Jing, R., Hui, L. et al. BMC Pediatr 22, 693 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03758-5

Association between maternal antibiotic exposure and collateral effects related to microbiome changes in young children: A systematic review (poster) 
Rita W.Y. Ng, Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte, Priyanga Dharmaratne, Margaret Ip. Conference: Microbiome Interactions in Health and Disease (24–26 October 2022 Wellcome Genome Campus, UK)

Effects of Intrapartum Penicillin Prophylaxis on Intestinal Bacterial Colonization in Infants.
Françoise Jauréguy et al. J Clin Microbiol. Nov 2004; 42(11): 5184–5188.

Efficacy of intramuscular penicillin in the eradication of group B streptococcal colonization at delivery. (abstract)
Pinette MG, Thayer K, Wax JR, Blackstone J, Cartin A. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005 May; 17(5):333-5.

Late third-trimester treatment of rectovaginal group B streptococci with benzathine penicillin G. (abstract)
Bland ML, Vermillion ST, Soper DE. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Aug;183(2):372-6.
​
Persistence of penicillin G benzathine in pregnant group B streptococcus carriers. (abstract)
Weeks JW, Myers SR, Lasher L, Goldsmith J, Watkins C, Gall SA. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Aug;90(2):240-3.

Antibiotic Elimination of Group-B Streptococci in Urine in Prevention of Preterm Labour (abstract)
AC Thomsen, L Morup, KB Hansen. The Lancet, 1(8533):591-593, 1987.

Antibiotic Management of Miscarriages Associated with Group B Streptococcus Genital Tract Infection
​Attila Toth, MD. Clinical Associate Professor, New York Hospital – Presbyterian Medical Center. Case Reports. 

The landscape of antimicrobial resistance in the neonatal and multi-host pathogen group B Streptococcus: review from a One Health perspective
Oliveira, L. M. A., Simões, L. C., Costa, N. S., Zadoks, R. N., & Pinto, T. C. A. (2022). Frontiers in microbiology, 13, 943413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.943413

Analysis of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in group B streptococcus from clinical samples
Mudzana, R., Mavenyengwa, R.T. & Gudza-Mugabe, M. BMC Infect Dis 21, 125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05820-6

Intrapartum Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis Policies for the Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review
Le Doare, K., O'Driscoll, M., Turner, K., Seedat, F., Russell, N. J., Seale, A. C., Heath, P. T., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Cutland, C., Gravett, M. G., Ip, M., Madhi, S. A., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Vekemans, J., Kampmann, B., … GBS Intrapartum Antibiotic Investigator Group (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S143–S151. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix654

How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review Note: Not specific to group B strep (streptococcus agalactiae)
Axel Kramer, Ingeborg Schwebke, and Günter Kampf. BMC Infectious Diseases 2006, 6:130 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
​
Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic. (abstract)
Neely AN, Maley MP. J Clin Microbiol.  2000 Feb;38(2):724-6.

Breastfeeding Tied to Big Reduction in Infant Deaths
HealthDay, August 2, 2023

Associations Between Breastfeeding and Post-perinatal Infant Deaths in the U.S.
Julie L Ware et al. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, May 21, 2023.
​
Breastfeeding as a Tool that Empowers Infant Immunity Through Maternal Vaccination
Saad Musbah Alasil and Prameela Kannan Kutty. 16 February 2015. Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination 2015, 6:2

Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity
Andreas NJ, Kampmann B, Mehring Le-Doare K. Early Hum Dev. 2015 Nov;91(11):629-35. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013. Epub 2015 Sep 12. PMID: 26375355.

Mother’s Milk Still Best-and We Must Do Better. (abstract)
Sarasa, NL. MEDICC Rev. 2013 Jan;15(1):48.

The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease.
Fernández L, Langa S, Martín V, Maldonado A, Jiménez E, Martín R, Rodríguez JM. Pharmacol Res. 2013 Mar;69(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.001. Epub 2012 Sep 10.

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement
Pediatrics Vol. 129 No. 3 March 1, 2012, pp e827-e841 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3552)

The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding.
SurgeonGeneral.gov. 20 Jan. 2011. 

Breastfeeding Provides Passive and Likely Long-Lasting Active Immunity
Lars A Hanson, Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Volume 81, Issue 6, December 1998, Pages 523-534, 537

Isotype composition of antibodies to streptococcus group B type III polysaccharide and to tetanus toxoid in maternal, cord blood sera and in breast milk (abstract)
Lagergard T, Thiringer K, Wassen L, Schneerson R, Trollfors B., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Eur J Pediatr. 1992 Feb;151(2):98-102.
​
Immunoglobulin concentrations and bacterial antibody titres in breast milk from mothers of ‘preterm’ and ‘term’ infants (abstract)
Suzuki S, Lucas A, Lucas PJ, Coombs RR.  Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 Sep;72(5):671-7.

A Solution to Antifolate Resistance in Group B Streptococcus : Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies Human Milk Oligosaccharide-Induced Perturbations That Result in Potentiation of Trimethoprim.
Chambers, Schuyler & Moore, Rebecca & Craft, Kelly & Thomas, Harrison & Das, Rishub & Manning, Shannon & Codreanu, Simona & Sherrod, Stacy & Aronoff, David & Mclean, John & Gaddy, Jennifer & Townsend, Steven. (2020). mBio. 11. 10.1128/mBio.00076-20. ​

Role of human milk in oligosaccharides in Group B Streptococcus colonisation. 
Andreas NJ., Al-Khalidi A., Jaiteh M., et al. Clinical and Translational Immunology. 26 Aug, 2016. 5, e99. 

​Long-term impact of breastmilk on preterm babies. 
Orvos JM., Hester M. Contemporary OB/GYN Expert Advice for Today's Ob/Gyn. 29, Jun. 2016. 

Group B streptococcus late-onset disease, contaminated breast milk and mothers persistently GBS negative: report of 3 cases
Nicolini, G., Borellini, M., Loizzo, V., Creti, R., Memo, L., & Berardi, A. (2018). BMC pediatrics, 18(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1192-x

Late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with breast milk transmission: molecular typing using RAPD-PCR. 
Brandolini M., Corbella M., Cambieri P., et al. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar; 90 Suppl 1:S84-6.

Breast milk and Group B streptococcal infection: vector of transmission or vehicle for protection? 
Le Doare K, Kampmann B.
Vaccine. 2014 May 30;32(26):3128-32. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.020. Epub 2014 Apr 13.

Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease: 2003–2010. (here in .pdf format: )
Berardi A, Rossi C, Lugli L, Creti R, et al. Pediatrics. February 2013/Issue 2.

Group B streptococcal colonization in 160 mother-baby pairs: a prospective cohort study. (abstract)
Berardi A, Rossi C, Creti R, China M, Gherardi G, Venturelli C, Rumpianesi F, Ferrari F.
J Pediatr. 2013 Oct;163(4):1099-104.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.064. Epub 2013 Jul 15.

Group B streptococcus colonization of breast milk of group B streptococcus positive mothers. (abstract)
Burianová I, Paulová M, Cermák P, Janota J.
J Hum Lact. 2013 Nov;29(4):586-90. doi: 10.1177/0890334413479448. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
​
To feed or not to feed? Case presentation and best practice guidance for human milk feeding and group B streptococcus in developed countries. (abstract)
Davanzo R, De Cunto A, Travan L, Bacolla G, Creti R, Demarini S.
J Hum Lact. 2013 Nov;29(4):452-7. doi: 10.1177/0890334413480427. Epub 2013 Mar 18.

Late-onset group B streptococcal disease by infected mother’s milk detected by polymerase chain reaction. (abstract) (.pdf version)
Lanari M, Serra L, Cavrini F, Liguori G, Sambri V.,Department of Paediatrics, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital, Imola, Italy. New Microbiol. 2007 Jul;30(3):253-4.

Recurrent neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk.
Wang LY, Chen CT, Liu WH, Wang YH. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jul;46(6):547-9.
​
Neonatal group B streptococcal infection related to breast milk. (abstract with link to full text as a PDF)
Byrne PA, Miller C, Justus K, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saint Charles Mercy Hospital, Oregon, Ohio 43616, USA. Paul_Byrne@mhsnr.org <Byrne@mhsnr.org> Breastfed Med, 2006 Winter;1(4):263-70.

Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission. (abstract)
Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A,  Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350. kotiw@usq.edu.au. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):251-6. Epub 2003 Apr 14.

Breast milk transmission of group B streptococcal infection. (abstract)
Dinger J, Müller D, Pargac N, Schwarze R., Clinic of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Germany. DINGER@ukd80.med.tu-dresden.de Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Jun;21(6):567-8.Source

Neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk.
Olvera WJ., Bondb DW., Boswellc TC., et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2000; 83:F48-F49.

Diseases and Conditions.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

#26: Investigating CMV Pathogenesis and Breast Milk Transmission In Premature Infants Who Acquire Symptomatic CMV Viremia
Katelyn Parsons, Erin Osterholm, Nelmary Hernandez-Alvarado, Lulua Webo, Katherine Bodin, Mark Blackstadt, Mark R Schleiss, Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Volume 10, Issue Supplement_2, June 2021, Page S10, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.021

Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns
Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, Oluwalana C, Lette K, West P, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec;23(12):974-979. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 3.
​
Flu May Transmit Through Breast Milk, Study Shows.
Nick Staropoli. American Council on Science and Health. 8 Oct. 2015.

Quasi Experiment of Prenatal Probiotics Against Group B Streptococcus Colonization
Hanson L, Vandevusse L, Duster M, Warrack S, Safdar N. Feasibility of oral prenatal probiotics against maternal group B Streptococcus vaginal and rectal colonization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014 May-Jun;43(3):294-304. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12308. Epub 2014 Apr 22.

​Oral Probiotics Reduce Group B Streptococci Colonization in Pregnant Women.
Sponsored by China Medical University Hospital
​
Membrane Sweeping in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Positive Patients
Keller, JM, George Washington University. May 26, 2010.

20 million pregnant women with group B streptococcus carriage: consequences, challenges, and opportunities for prevention
Paul, P., Gonçalves, B. P., Le Doare, K., & Lawn, J. E. (2023). Current opinion in pediatrics, 35(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001223

Exploring the Feasibility of Intrapartum GBS Collection to Identify Residual GBS in a Pilot Study of an Antenatal Probiotic Intervention
Malloy E, Hanson L, VandeVusse L, Robinson K, Singh M, Forgie M. Applied Microbiology. 2023; 3(3):752-763. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030052

​Inferring longitudinal patterns of group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy
Bronner P. Gonçalves, Onur Poyraz, Proma Paul, Joy E. Lawn, iScience, June 2023.

Inferring longitudinal patterns of group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy
Gonçalves, B. P., Poyraz, O., Paul, P., & Lawn, J. E. (2023). iScience, 26(7), 107023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107023

Simultaneous carriage of multiple serotypes of Group B Streptococcus: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Barro, C., Salloum, M., Lim, S., Delputte, P., & Le Doare, K. (2023). Vaccine, 41(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.024

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: An Alternative for Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization in a Murine Experimental Model
Pierański MK, Kosiński JG, Szymczak K, Sadowski P, Grinholc M. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(4):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040847

Molecular Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Egyptian Women
Sarah Shabayek, Verena Vogel, Dorota Jamrozy, Stephen D. Bentley, Barbara Spellerberg. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 38.
​
Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and antibiotic resistance in China: systematic review and meta-analyses.
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Lin, M. et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 22, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-023-00553-7

Changes in Group B Streptococcus Colonization among Pregnant Women before and after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
Costa, N. S., Rio-Tinto, A., Pinto, I. B. F., Dos Santos Silva Alvim, D. C., de Assis Rocha, A., Oliveira, L. M. A., Botelho, A. C. N., Fracalanzza, S. E. L., Teixeira, L. M., Rezende-Filho, J., Marinho, P. S., Amim Júnior, J., Taylor, S., Thomas, S., & Pinto, T. C. A. (2022). Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101104

The association of Group B Streptococcus colonization with cerclage and suture material
Megan E. Trostle, Mara Black, Valeryia Avtushka, Sara G. Brubaker, Ashley S. Roman VOLUME 226, ISSUE 1,, S543-S544, JANUARY 2022. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.898

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types
Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121606

Gardnerella vaginalis promotes group B Streptococcus vaginal colonization, enabling ascending uteroplacental infection in pregnant mice
Gilbert, N. M., Foster, L. R., Cao, B., Yin, Y., Mysorekar, I. U., & Lewis, A. L. (2021). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 224(5), 530.e1–530.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.032

Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization and Ascending Infection in Pregnancy
Alyssa Brokaw, Anna Furuta, Matthew Dacanay, Lakshmi Rajagopal, and Kristina M. Adams Waldorf. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 03 September 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.720789

Group B streptococcal colonization: Prevalence and impact of smoking in women delivering term or near term neonates in a large tertiary care hospital in the southern United States
Philip Kum-Nji, et al. September 17, 2020 PLOS One, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239294

​Racial disparities in intrapartum group B Streptococcus colonization: a higher incidence of conversion in African American women
Spiel MH, Hacker MR, Haviland MJ, et al. J Perinatol. 2019;39(3):433-438. doi:10.1038/s41372-018-0308-3

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization and Disease among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study
Edwards, J. M., Watson, N., Focht, C., Wynn, C., Todd, C. A., Walter, E. B., Heine, R. P., & Swamy, G. K. (2019). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2019, 5430493. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5430493

Maternal obesity and the risk of group B streptococcal colonisation in pregnant women
Sebastian Manzanares, Miriam Zamorano, Mariña Naveiro-Fuentes, Alicia Pineda, Javier Rodríguez-Granger & Alberto Puertas (2019). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1552670

​Low Vitamin D is Associated With Infections and Proinflammatory Cytokines During Pregnancy.
Akoh CC, Pressman EK, Cooper E, Queenan RA et al. Reprod Sci. 2018 Mar;25(3):414-423. doi: 10.1177/1933719117715124. Epub 2017 Jun 15.

Group B Streptococcal Maternal Colonization and Neonatal Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Preventative Approaches
Patras, K. A., & Nizet, V. (2018). Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00027

Maternal Colonization With Group B Streptococcus and Serotype Distribution Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Neal J Russell and others, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 15 November 2017, Pages S100–S111, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix658

​Vitamin D mediates the relationship between placental cathelicidin and group B streptococcus colonization during pregnancy.
Akoh CC, Pressman EK, Whisner CM, Thomas C. et al. J Reprod Immunol. 2017 Jun;121:42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.06.001. Epub 2017 Jun 6

​Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya
Seale AC, Koech AC, Sheppard AE, et al. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(7):16067. Published 2016 May 23. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.67

Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants
Le Doare, K., Jarju, S., Darboe, S., Warburton, F., Gorringe, A., Heath, P. T., & Kampmann, B. (2016). Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants. The Journal of Infection, 72(3), 283–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.12.014

Risk factors associated with the colonization of group b streptococcus during pregnancy: preliminary results
Ribera, L. F., Cabezas, À. P., Ferrer, P. A., Guevara, M. V., Moreno, A. T., & Aparicio, M. V. C. (2015). Risk factors associated with the colonization of group b streptococcus during pregnancy: preliminary results. BMC Nursing, 14(Suppl 1), S5. http://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-14-S1-S5

​Maternal Obesity and Rectovaginal Group B Streptococcus Colonization at Term
Kleweis, S. M., Cahill, A. G., Odibo, A. O., & Tuuli, M. G. (2015). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2015, 586767. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/586767

The Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Iranian Pregnant Women and Its Subsequent Outcome.
Shirazi M., Abbariki E., Hafizi A., et al. Int J Fertil Steril. 2014 Jan-Mar; 7(4): 267-270.

Factors associated with intrapartum transmission of group B Streptococcus.
Berardi A et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Dec;33(12):1211-5. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000439.
“Heavy maternal colonization, intrapartum fever, African ethnicity and lack of IAP exposure were associated with GBS transmission in neonates born to women who were tested positive on admission. Low rates of NC were found among IAP-exposed neonates irrespective of IAP duration.”

Interaction of Streptococcus agalactiae and Cellular Innate Immunity in Colonization and Disease.
Sybille Landwehr-Kenzel and Philipp Henneke Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 519.

Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonization in subsequent pregnancies of group B Streptococcus-colonized versus noncolonized women.
Page-Ramsey SM, Johnstone SK, Kim D, Ramsey PS. Am J Perinatol. 2013;30(5):383‐388. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1326981

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in 160 Mother-Baby Pairs: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Berardi A., Rossi C., Creti R., et al. The Journal of Pediatrics. Oct, 2013. Volume 163, Issue 4, Pages 1099-1104. e1. 

Incidence of maternal GBS colonization and neonatal GBS disease among Very Low Birth Weight Polish neonates.
Monika Brzychczy-Wloch, Jadwiga Wojkowska-Mach,Ewa Helwich, and Piotr B. Heczko Med Sci Monit. 2013; 19: 34–39.

Recolonization of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in women with prior GBS genital colonization in pregnancy. (abstract)
Tam T, Bilinski E, Lombard E. 
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1987-9. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.670331. Epub 2012 Apr 2.
“…patients with a history of GBS are at a significantly higher risk of GBS recolonization in subsequent pregnancies.”

Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli colonization in pregnant women and neonates in Lithuania. (abstract)
Barcaite E, Bartusevicius A, Tameliene R, Maleckiene L, Vitkauskiene A, Nadisauskiene R.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;117(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.016. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
“Maternal and neonatal GBS colonization rates, serotypes, and susceptibility to antibiotics were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Population-based data regarding early-onset neonatal infection rates will enable the formulation of a prevention program for early-onset GBS disease in Lithuania.”

Group B Streptococcus colonization by HIV status in pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors.
Shah M, Aziz N, Leva N, Cohan D. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011 Nov;20(11):1737-41. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2888. Epub 2011 Oct 19.

Prevalence and significance of vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant women from Osijek, Croatia.
Müller-Vranjes A, Puntarić D, Curzik D, Sijanović S, Topolovec Z, Kasac Z, Miskulin M.
Coll Antropol. 2011 Mar;35(1):21-6.

Group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy and maternal-fetal transmission in Zimbabwe.
Mavenyengwa RT, Afset JE, Schei B, Berg S, Caspersen T, Bergseng H, Moyo SR.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(2):250-5. doi: 10.3109/00016340903398029.

Correlates of Vaginal Colonization with Group B Streptococci among Pregnant Women
Dechen, T. C., Sumit, K., & Ranabir, P. (2010). Journal of global infectious diseases, 2(3), 236–241. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.68536

Rectal colonization by group B Streptococcus as a predictor of vaginal colonization.
Meyn, L. A., Krohn, M. A., & Hillier, S. L. (2009). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 201(1), 76.e1–76.e767. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.011

Prevalence of maternal group B streptococcal colonisation in European countries. 
BARCAITE, E., BARTUSEVICIUS, A., TAMELIENE, R., KLIUCINSKAS, M., MALECKIENE, L. and NADISAUSKIENE, R. (2008), Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 87: 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340801908759

Risk Factors for Group B Streptococcal Colonization: Potential for Different Transmission Systems by Capsular Type
Foxman B., Gillespie W., Manning S.D. et al. Ann Epidemiol. 2007 Nov; 17 (11): 854-862.

Prevalence of maternal group B streptococcal colonization and related risk factors in a Brazilian population. (abstract)
Zusman AS, Baltimore RS, Fonseca SN. Braz J Infect Dis. 2006 Aug;10(4):242-6.

First-trimester group B Streptococcus colonization of the cervix: a risk factor for maternal colonization at term?
Daimaru-Enoki LC, Morgan M, Nichols WS, Silverman NS. J Reprod Med. 2005 Jul;50(7):496-500.

Colonization with Group B streptococci in pregnancy and outcome of infected neonates in Trinidad.
Orrett FA. Pediatr Int. 2003. Jun; 45(3): 319-23.

Is there a correlation between the vaginal colonization with group B streptococci and premature deliveries? (abstract)
Kovachev E, Markova V, Bozhkova K, Popova A, Tsvetkova S, Cherneva S.  Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2003;42 Suppl 2:3-5.

Association of sexual activity with colonization and vaginal acquisition of group B Streptococcus in nonpregnant women. (abstract)
Meyn LA, Moore DM, Hillier SL, Krohn MA. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 May 15;155(10):949-57.

Determinants of co-colonization with group B streptococcus among heterosexual college couples.
Manning SD, Tallman P, Baker CJ, Gillespie B, Marrs CF, Foxman B. Epidemiology. 2002 Sep;13(5):533-9.
“Among heterosexual college couples, sexual activity, particularly male-to-female oral sex, increases the risk of co-colonization with an identical group B strain. Future studies should evaluate the role of the pharynx and examine the effects of both bacterial characteristics and host response on transmission.”
​
Risk factors for maternal colonization with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci.
Terry RR, Kelly FW, Gauzer C, Jeitler M. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 Nov;99(11):571-3.

​Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women
Ramos, E., Gaudier, F. L., Hearing, L. R., Del Valle, G. O., Jenkins, S., & Briones, D. (1997). Obstetrics and gynecology, 89(2), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00489-9

Group B streptococcal colonization and preterm labour. (abstract)
McDonald H, Vigneswaran R, O’Loughlin JA. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Aug;29(3 Pt 2):291-3.

Incidence and Duration of Group B Streptococcus by Serotype among Male and Female College Students Living in a Singe Dormitory. 
Foxman B., Gillespie B., Manning S. D., et al. Am J Epidemiol (2006) 163 (6): 544-551.

Group B streptococcal colonization in elderly women
Baldan, Rossella & Droz, Sara & Casanova, Carlo & Knabben, Laura & Huang, Dorothy & Brülisauer, Christine & Kind, André & Krause, Elke & Mauerer, Stefanie & Spellerberg, Barbara & Sendi, Parham. (2021). BMC Infectious Diseases. 21. 10.1186/s12879-021-06102-x. 

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types
Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121606

EGYPT
​
Molecular Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Egyptian Women
Sarah Shabayek, Verena Vogel, Dorota Jamrozy, Stephen D. Bentley, Barbara Spellerberg. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 38.

Compositional Changes in the Vaginal Bacterial Microbiome of Healthy Pregnant Women across the Three Gestational Trimesters in Ismailia, Egypt
Mariam E. Amin, Marwa Azab, Amro Hanora, Khaled Atwa, Sarah Shabayek. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 139.

GAMBIA
​
Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns
Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, Oluwalana C, Lette K, West P, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec;23(12):974-979. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 3.

​Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants
Le Doare, K., Jarju, S., Darboe, S., Warburton, F., Gorringe, A., Heath, P. T., & Kampmann, B. (2016). Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants. The Journal of Infection, 72(3), 283–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.12.014

KENYA

Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya
Seale AC, Koech AC, Sheppard AE, et al. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(7):16067. Published 2016 May 23. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.67

NIGERIA
​
Aetiology of neonatal sepsis in Nigeria, and relevance of Group b streptococcus: A systematic review. 
PLoS One. 2018 Jul 17;13(7):e0200350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200350. eCollection 2018

Group B streptococcal colonization and transmission dynamics in pregnant women and their newborns in Nigeria: implications for prevention strategies
N.Medugu, K.C.Iregbu, R.E.Parker, J.Plemmons, P.Singh et al. Received 20 October 2016, Revised 24 February 2017, Accepted 25 February 2017, Available online 6 March 2017.

GBS TEST MAY SAVE LIVES OF NEW BABIES IN NIGERIA
August 28, 2017. Layne Cameron - Michigan State

Group B streptococcal colonization and transmission dynamics in pregnant women and their newborns in Nigeria: implications for prevention strategies
Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Volume 23, Issue 9, September 2017, Pages 673.e9-673.e16

High group B streptococcus carriage rates in pregnant women in a tertiary institution in Nigeria
Elikwu, C. J., Oduyebo, O., Ogunsola, F. T., Anorlu, R. I., Okoromah, C. N., & König, B. (2016). The Pan African medical journal, 25, 249. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.25.249.9433

SOUTH AFRICA
​
​Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in South Africa: Importance of Surveillance Methodology
Quan V, Verani JR, Cohen C, von Gottberg A, Meiring S, Cutland CL, et al. (2016) Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in South Africa: Importance of Surveillance Methodology. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0152524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152524

ZIMBABWE
​
Group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy and maternal-fetal transmission in Zimbabwe.
Mavenyengwa RT, Afset JE, Schei B, Berg S, Caspersen T, Bergseng H, Moyo SR.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(2):250-5. doi: 10.3109/00016340903398029.

CANADA
​
Group B Streptococcal Infections in Newborns
Healthwise Staff , May 4, 2017

Epidemiology of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection: implications for screening
Konrad, G., & Katz, A. (2007). Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 53(6), e.1–1054.

MEXICO

Genomic analysis of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant women in northeastern Mexico
Palacios-Saucedo, G. D. C., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Caballero-Trejo, A., Mellado-García, M. C., Flores-Flores, A. S., González-Navarro, J. A., Herrera-Rivera, C. G., Osuna-Rosales, L. E., Hernández-González, J. A., Vázquez-Juárez, R., Barrón-Enríquez, C., Valladares-Trujillo, R., Treviño-Baez, J. D., Alonso-Téllez, C. A., Ramírez-Calvillo, L. D., Cerda-Flores, R. M., Ortiz-López, R., Rivera-Alvarado, M. Á., Solórzano-Santos, F., … Rodríguez-Padilla, C. (2022). PloS one, 17(3), e0264273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264273

[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview]
Palacios-Saucedo, G. C., Hernández-Hernández, T. I., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Briones-Lara, E., Caballero-Trejo, A., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Amador-Patiño, G. I., García-Cabello, R., Solórzano-Santos, F., & Rodríguez-Padillacs, C. (2017). Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 153(3), 361–370.

NICARAGUA
​
Rectovaginal Colonization with Serotypes of Group B Streptococci with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility among Pregnant Women in León, Nicaragua
Alemán T, Vielot NA, Herrera R, et al. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):415. Published 2022 Mar 29. doi:10.3390/pathogens11040415

​TRINIDAD
​
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of group B Streptococci isolated from pregnant women in Trinidad, West Indies.
Orrett FA. Saudi Med J. 2004 Nov;25(11):1764-5. No abstract available.

​Colonization with Group B streptococci in pregnancy and outcome of infected neonates in Trinidad.
Orrett FA. Pediatr Int. 2003. Jun; 45(3): 319-23.
​
Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant third trimester women in Trinidad.
Orrett FA, Olagundoye V. J Hosp Infect. 1994 May;27(1):43-8.

CHINA
​
Incidence of Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants in China: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ding, Y., Hsia, Y., O'Sullivan, C., Wang, Y., & Heath, P. T. (2023).The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 42(1), e15–e17. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003752

Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and antibiotic resistance in China: systematic review and meta-analyses.
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Lin, M. et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 22, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-023-00553-7

Diagnostic Performance of Various Methodologies for Group B Streptococcus Screening in Pregnant Woman in China
Gao, K., Deng, Q., Huang, L., Chang, C. Y., Zhong, H., Xie, Y., Guan, X., & Liu, H. (2021). Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 651968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.651968

Prevalence of group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant women in Jiangsu, East China
Ge, Y., Pan, F., Bai, R. et al. BMC Infect Dis 21, 492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06186-5

Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Incidence for Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants and Antimicrobial Resistance, China
Ding Y, Wang Y, Hsia Y, et al.. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(11):2651-2659. doi:10.3201/eid2611.181414.

Epidemiology of group B streptococcal infection in pregnant women and diseased infants in mainland China
Huang, J., Lin, X. Z., Zhu, Y., & Chen, C. (2019).Pediatrics and neonatology, 60(5), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.07.001

Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease among Infants, China
Ji, W., Liu, H., Madhi, S. A., Cunnington, M., Zhang, Z., Dangor, Z., Zhou, H., Mu, X., Jin, Z., Wang, A., Qin, X., Gao, C., Zhu, Y., Feng, X., She, S., Yang, S., Liu, J., Lei, J., Jiang, L., Liu, Z., … Fang, Y. (2019). Emerging infectious diseases, 25(11), 2021–2030. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2511.181647

Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Late Pregnancy and Invasive Infection in Neonates in China: A Population-Based 3-Year Study
Zhu, Y., Huang, J., Lin, X. Z., & Chen, C. (2019). Neonatology, 115(4), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494133

Colonization prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Group B Streptococcus in pregnant women over a 6-year period in Dongguan, China
Ji, W., Zhang, L., Guo, Z., Xie, S., Yang, W., Chen, J., Wang, J., Cheng, Z., Wang, X., Zhu, X., Wang, J., Wang, H., Huang, J., Liang, N., & McIver, D. J. (2017). PloS one, 12(8), e0183083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183083

Estimating the burden of invasive Group B Streptococcal disease in young infants in southern mainland China: an observational study
Liu, H., Zeng, H., Wang, W., Deng, Q., Margarit, I., Rinaudo, C. D., … Geng, G. (2015). Estimating the burden of invasive Group B Streptococcal disease in young infants in southern mainland China: an observational study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 13699–13707.

INDIA
​
Genotype Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Group B Streptococcus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Puducherry, South India
Sangeetha, A. V., Devi, S., Subramanian, A., Daniel, M., & Anandh, P. (2023). Journal of tropical medicine, 2023, 9910380. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9910380

Meta-analysis on prevalence of vaginal group B streptococcus colonization and preterm births in India (abstract)
Nancy Ashary, Abhishek Singh, Karisma Chhabria & Deepak Modi (2020), The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1813705

​Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: A review with an Indian perspective
Narava S, Rajaram G, Ramadevi A, Prakash G V, Mackenzie S. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: A review with an Indian perspective. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014;32:6-12

ISRAEL
​
While waiting for a vaccine: opportunities for optimization of neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease prevention in Israel.
Waisman D, Gover A, Molad M, Kedar R, Rotschild A, Benitz WE. J Perinatol. 2019 Feb;39(2):331-338. doi: 10.1038/s41372-018-0289-2. Epub 2018 Dec 11. PMID: 30538325.

JAPAN
​
Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in infants younger than 1 year in Japan: a nationwide surveillance study 2016-2020
Shibata, M., Matsubara, K., Matsunami, K., Miyairi, I., Kasai, M., Kai, M., Katayama, Y., Maruyama, T., & Le Doare, K. (2022). European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 41(4), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04396-y

Intrapartum group B Streptococcus screening using real-time polymerase chain reaction in Japanese population
Kei Tanaka, Mitsutoshi Iwashita, Miho Matsushima, Yuichi Wachi, Tomoko Izawa, Keiji Sakai & Yoichi Kobayashi. (2016) The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 29:1, 130-134, DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.989496

KOREA

Clonal Distribution of Clindamycin-Resistant Erythromycin-Susceptible (CRES) Streptococcus agalactiae in Korea Based on Whole Genome Sequences
Sunjoo Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Ann Lab Med 2020; 40(5): 370-381  https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2020.40.5.370
​
Risk factors for group B streptococcus colonization among pregnant women in Korea
Kim, E. J., Oh, K. Y., Kim, M. Y., Seo, Y. S., Shin, J. H., Song, Y. R., Yang, J. H., Foxman, B., & Ki, M. (2011). Epidemiology and health, 33, e2011010. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2011010

MALAYSIA
​
Characterization of a Group B Streptococcus infection based on the demographics, serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypes of selected isolates from sterile and non-sterile isolation sites in three major hospitals in Malaysia
Mohd E S Suhaimi, Mohd N M Desa, Narges Eskandarian, Stella G Pillay, Zalina Ismail, Vasantha K Neela, Siti N Masri, Syafinaz A Nordin. J Infect Public Health. 2017 Jan-Feb;10(1):14-21.  doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.01.009. Epub 2016 Apr 17.

NEPAL
​
Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates from Pregnant Women in Kathmandu City
Shrestha K, Sah AK, Singh N, Parajuli P, Adhikari R. J Trop Med. 2020 Aug 28;2020:4046703. doi: 10.1155/2020/4046703. eCollection 2020.

SRI LANKA
​
Colonization of Group B Streptococcus in Pregnant Women and Their Neonates from a Sri Lankan Hospital
Sapugahawatte, D.N.; Li, C.; Liyanapathirana, V.; Kandauda, C.; Gihan, C.; Zhu, C.; Lo, N.W.S.; Wong, K.T.; Ip, M. Pathogens 2022, 11, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040386

TAIWAN
​
Group B Streptococcal infection in neonates and colonization in pregnant women: An epidemiological retrospective analysis
Ching-Yi Cho, Yi-Hsuan Tang, Yu-Hsuan Chen, et al. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. Volume 52, Issue 2, April 2019, Pages 265-272​. DOI: ​https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2017.08.004

TURKEY

Screening and genotyping of group B streptococcus in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Turkey
Alp, F., Findik, D., Dagi, H. T., Arslan, U., Pekin, A. T., & Yilmaz, S. A. (2016). Journal of infection in developing countries, 10(3), 222–226. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6190

​Neonatal invasive disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in Europe: the DEVANI multi-center study
Lohrmann, F., Hufnagel, M., Kunze, M. et al. Infection (2022). ​

CROATIA

Prevalence and significance of vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant women from Osijek, Croatia.
Müller-Vranjes A, Puntarić D, Curzik D, Sijanović S, Topolovec Z, Kasac Z, Miskulin M.
Coll Antropol. 2011 Mar;35(1):21-6.

DENMARK
​
Long-term Risk of Epilepsy Following Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease in Neonates in Denmark
Lykke MR, Sørensen HT, Lawn JE, Horváth-Puhó E. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e239507. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9507

The Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus in Denmark From 2005 to 2018
Slotved, H. C., & Hoffmann, S. (2020). Frontiers in public health, 8, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00040

GREECE
​
Poor Adherence to the Screening-Based Strategy of Group B Streptococcus Despite Colonization of Pregnant Women in Greece
Berikopoulou MM, Pana A, Liakopoulou-Tsitsipi T, Vlahos NF, Papaevangelou V, Soldatou A. Pathogens. 2021;10(4):418. Published 2021 Apr 1. doi:10.3390/pathogens10040418

ITALY
​
Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Neonates and Infants, Italy, Years 2015-2019
Creti R, Imperi M, Berardi A, et al. Microorganisms. 2021;9(12):2579. Published 2021 Dec 13. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122579

LITHUANIA
​
Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli colonization in pregnant women and neonates in Lithuania. (abstract)
Barcaite E, Bartusevicius A, Tameliene R, Maleckiene L, Vitkauskiene A, Nadisauskiene R.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;117(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.016. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
“Maternal and neonatal GBS colonization rates, serotypes, and susceptibility to antibiotics were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Population-based data regarding early-onset neonatal infection rates will enable the formulation of a prevention program for early-onset GBS disease in Lithuania.”

NETHERLANDS
​
​Disease burden of neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus infection in the Netherlands
Brechje de Gier, Merel N. van Kassel, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders, et al. PLOS One. Published: May 9, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216749

NORWAY
​
Incidence of invasive Group B Streptococcal infection and the risk of infant death and cerebral palsy: a Norwegian Cohort Study
Mynarek, M., Bjellmo, S., Lydersen, S., Afset, J. E., Andersen, G. L., & Vik, T. (2021). Pediatric research, 89(6), 1541–1548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1092-

SWEDEN
​
Group B streptococcal carriage in Sweden: a national study on risk factors for mother and infant colonisation
Stellan Håkansson, Pia Axemo, Katarina Bremme, Anna-Lena Bryngelsson, Marie Carlsson Wallin, Carl-Magnus Ekström, Margareta Granlund, Bo Jacobsson, Karin Källén, Eva Spetz, Ingemar Tessin; Swedish Working Group For The Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections. Multicenter Study, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(1):50-8.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340701802888

Intrauterine infection may be a major cause of stillbirth in Sweden
Egle Tolockiene, Eva Morsing, Elisabeth Holst , Andreas Herbst, Åsa Ljungh, Nils Svenningsen, Inga Hägerstrand, Lennarth Nyström First published: 03 July 2003. Volume80, Issue6, Pages 511-518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.d01-151.x

UNITED KINGDOM
​
Group B Streptococcal Disease in England (1998 – 2017): A Population-based Observational Study
Seilesh Kadambari, Caroline L Trotter, Paul T Heath, Michael J Goldacre, Andrew J Pollard, Raphael Goldacre, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2020;, ciaa1485, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1485

Uncertainties in Screening and Prevention of Group B Streptococcus Disease
​Le Doare, K., Heath, P. T., Plumb, J., Owen, N. A., Brocklehurst, P., & Chappell, L. C. (2019). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 69(4), 720–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1069

AUSTRALIA
​
Group B streptococcal screening, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and neonatal early-onset infection rates in an Australian local health district: 2006-2016
Kathryn Braye, Maralyn Foureur, Koert de Waal, Mark Jones, Elise Putt, John Ferguson   PLOSONE: April 4, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214295

Group B streptococcal infection in the first 90 days of life in North Queensland.
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Apr;54(2):146-51. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12150. Epub 2013 Dec 23.

NEW ZEALAND
​
The prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcus infection: New Zealand Consensus Guidelines 2014.
Darlow B, Campbell N, Austin N, et al. N Z Med J. 2015 Nov 20;128(1425):69-76.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

Maternity care provider acceptance of a future Group B Streptococcus vaccine - A qualitative study in three countries​
Sarah Geoghegan, Francia Acosta, Laura C Stephens, Hanah Gillan, Sandra Valera, Richard J Drew, Maeve Eogan, Adam J Ratner, Andrew P Steenhoff, Karina M Butler, Kristen A Feemster.  Vaccine. 2023 Mar 17;41(12):2013-2021.  doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.037. Epub 2023 Feb 18.

​Neonatal invasive disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in Europe: the DEVANI multi-center study
Lohrmann, F., Hufnagel, M., Kunze, M. et al. Infection (2022). 
​
Group B streptococcus infection during pregnancy and infancy: estimates of regional and global burden
Bronner P Gonçalves, MD, Simon R Procter, DPhil, Proma Paul, DrPH, Jaya Chandna, MSc, Alexandra Lewin, PhD, Farah Seedat, PhD, et al. The Lancet. VOLUME 10, ISSUE 6, E807-E819, JUNE 01, 2022
Published:April 28, 2022 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00093-6

Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes after invasive Group B Streptococcus in early infancy: A multi-country matched cohort study in South Africa, Mozambique, India, Kenya, and Argentina
28 April 2022, 101358

Differences in maternal group B Streptococcus screening rates in Latin American countries
HogenEsch, E., De Mucio, B., Haddad, L. B., Vilajeliu, A., Ropero, A. M., Yildirim, I., & Omer, S. B. (2021). Vaccine, 39 Suppl 2, B3–B11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.082

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types
Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121606

[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview]
Palacios-Saucedo, G. C., Hernández-Hernández, T. I., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Briones-Lara, E., Caballero-Trejo, A., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Amador-Patiño, G. I., García-Cabello, R., Solórzano-Santos, F., & Rodríguez-Padillacs, C. (2017). Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 153(3), 361–370.

​Intrapartum Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis Policies for the Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review
Le Doare, K., O'Driscoll, M., Turner, K., Seedat, F., Russell, N. J., Seale, A. C., Heath, P. T., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Cutland, C., Gravett, M. G., Ip, M., Madhi, S. A., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Vekemans, J., Kampmann, B., … GBS Intrapartum Antibiotic Investigator Group (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S143–S151. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix654

Incidence and serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal disease in young infants: a multi-country observational study
Rivera, L., Sáez-Llorens, X., Feris-Iglesias, J., Ip, M., Saha, S., Adrian, P. V., … Slobod, K. S. (2015). Incidence and serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal disease in young infants: a multi-country observational study. BMC Pediatrics, 15, 143. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0460-2

Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Anna C Seale, Hannah Blencowe, Fiorella Bianchi-Jassir, Nicholas Embleton,et al; Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 6 November 2017, Pages S125–S132. ​

Group B Streptococcus adaptation promotes survival in a hyperinflammatory diabetic wound environment
RA Keogh et al. Science Advances 11 Nov 2022 Vol 8, Issue 45

Perianal streptococcal dermatitis in adults: its association with pruritic anorectal diseases is mainly caused by group B Streptococci
V. Kahlke, J. Jongen, H. G. Peleikis, R. A. Herbst. Colorectal Disease. Vol 15: 5 05 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12089

Recurrent Group B Streptococcus Bacteremia Associated with Menstruation
Kanno, Mettassebia; Pore, Girish; Levine, Donald P. Infectious Disease in Clinical Practice: February 2001 - Volume 10 - Issue 2 - p 103-105

Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

​Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting paradigms
Schuchat A. (1998). Clinical microbiology reviews, 11(3), 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.11.3.497

Fetal Movement
Joy Bryant; Jennifer Thistle. Morgan Community College​

Excessive fetal movements are a sign of fetal compromise which merits further examination.
Heazell AEP, Stacey T, O'Brien LM, Mitchell EA, Warland J. Med Hypotheses. 2018 Feb;111:19-23.

To be taken seriously and receive rapid and adequate care - Womens' requests when they consult health care for reduced fetal movements.
Georgsson S, Linde A, Pettersson K, Nilsson R, Rådestad I. Midwifery. 2016 Sep;40:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jun 11.

Women's Experiences of Fetal Movements before the Confirmation of Fetal Death—Contractions Misinterpreted as Fetal Movement
Linde, A., Pettersson, K., Rådestad, I. (2015) https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12151

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Women who report Decreased Fetal Movements
Preston S, Mahomed K, Chadha Y, Flenady V, Gardener G, MacPhail J, Conway L, Koopmans L, Stacey T, Heazell A, Fretts R and Frøen F for the Fetal Movement Study Group and the international FEMINA collaboration. Clinical practice guideline for the management of women who report decreased fetal movements. Brisbane, March 2010.

Reduction of late stillbirth with the introduction of fetal movement information and guidelines – a clinical quality improvement
Julie Victoria Holm Tveit,Eli Saastad, Babill Stray-Pedersen, et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009 9:32 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-9-32

Estimates of the Burden of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide for Pregnant Women, Stillbirths, and Children. Seale AC, Bianchi-Jassir F, Russell NJ, Kohli-Lynch M, Tann CJ, Hall J, Madrid L, Blencowe H, Cousens S, Baker CJ, Bartlett L, Cutland C, Gravett MG, Heath PT, Ip M, Le Doare K, Madhi SA, Rubens CE, Saha SK, Schrag SJ, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A, Vekemans J, Lawn JE.  Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 6;65(suppl_2):S200-S219.

Group B streptococcus incidence rises significantly among newborns despite widespread adoption of prevention initiatives.
The Lancet. “Group B streptococcus incidence rises significantly among newborns despite widespread adoption of prevention initiatives.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 20 October 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141020090138.htm>.
“Group B streptococcus, a major cause of serious infectious diseases including sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia, has increased by about 60% among infants younger than 3 months in the Netherlands over the past 25 years despite the widespread use of prevention strategies, new research has found.”

​Group B streptococcal disease in infants aged younger than 3 months: systematic review and meta-analysis (abstract)
Dr Karen M Edmond PhD, Christina Kortsalioudaki MBBS, Susana Scott PhD, Stephanie J Schrag DPhil, Prof Anita KM, Zaidi MBBS, Prof Simon Cousens DipMathStat, Prof Paul T Heath MBBS [Hons].
The Lancet, Volume 379, Issue 9815, Pages 547 -556, 11 February 2012, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61651-6.
“Despite widespread use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, group B streptococcus remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. However, estimates of disease burden in many countries outside of these regions is not available. We aimed to examine the current global burden of invasive disease and the serotype distribution of group B streptococcus isolates.”

Evaluation of Universal Antenatal Screening for Group B Streptococcus
Van Dyke et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 2009; 360:2626-2636 June 18, 2009
This paper analyzes the implementation and impact of the universal screening recommendations on provider methods and the incidence of GBS disease. It highlights the positive impact of universal screening and also identifies areas that need continued improvement.

Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease After Universal Screening Recommendations; United States, 2003-2005
CDC MMWR Weekly, July 20, 2007.  “…Although incidence among white infants decreased steadily during 2003–2005, incidence increased 70% among black infants.”

Group B streptococcal disease in UK and Irish infants younger than 90 days. (abstract)
Heath PT et al. Lancet. 2004 Jan 24;363(9405):292-4.

Incidence of Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants in China: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ding, Y., Hsia, Y., O'Sullivan, C., Wang, Y., & Heath, P. T. (2023).The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 42(1), e15–e17. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003752

​Epidemiology of Invasive Early-Onset and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States, 2006 to 2015: Multistate Laboratory and Population-Based Surveillance
Nanduri, S. A., Petit, S., Smelser, C., Apostol, M., Alden, N. B., Harrison, L. H., Lynfield, R., Vagnone, P. S., Burzlaff, K., Spina, N. L., Dufort, E. M., Schaffner, W., Thomas, A. R., Farley, M. M., Jain, J. H., Pondo, T., McGee, L., Beall, B. W., & Schrag, S. J. (2019). JAMA pediatrics, 173(3), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4826

Decrease in Group B Streptococcal Infections in Neonates: Analysis of Health Insurance Data 2005 to 2017
Sorg AL, Obermeier V, Armann J, Klemme M, von Kries R. Rückgang von Infektionen durch Streptokokken der Gruppe B bei Neugeborenen: Analyse von Krankenversicherungsdaten 2005 bis 2017. Klin Padiatr. 2021 Jan;233(1):17-23. German. doi: 10.1055/a-1202-1758. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32698210.

Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005.
Phares CR et al. JAMA. 2008 May 7;299(17):2056-65. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.17.2056.

​Ten-year study on the effect of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on early onset group B streptococcal and Escherichia coli neonatal sepsis in Australasia. (abstract)
Daley AJ, Isaacs D; Australasian Study Group for Neonatal Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Jul;23(7):630-4.

Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. The Lancet. VOLUME 400, ISSUE 10369, P2221-2248, DECEMBER 17, 2022.
​
Ending preventable maternal and newborn deaths due to infection
​Desale M., Thinkhamrop J., Lumbiganon P., et al. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016 Oct; 36:116-130. ​

Infection in Maternal-Fetal Medicine: An Overview
Galask R, Larsen B, Ohm M. The Global Library of Women's Medicine. (ISSN: 1756-2228) 2008. 

Group B β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infection in the Newborn: I. Early Onset Infection
Quirante J, Ceballos R, Cassady G. Am J Dis Child. 1974;128(5):659–665. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1974.02110300069009

The urgent need to recognize and properly address prenatal-onset group B Streptococcus disease​
Natália Silva Costa, Laura Maria Andrade Oliveira, Tomislav Meštrović, Christina W. Obiero, Shui Shan Lee, Tatiana Castro Abreu Pinto. Published:October 12, 2022. VOLUME 124, P168-170, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.016

Group B streptococcal infections during pregnancy and perinatal consequences: what do we need to determine more than a bacteriological analysis?
Anca A. Simionescu, Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu. Ref: Ro J Infect Dis. 2021;24(2) DOI: 10.37897/RJID.2021.2.2 

​Study Shows How Group B Strep Establishes In Utero Infection, Posing Risk to Baby 
Lindsay Kurs (2018). Seattle Children's Hospital ​

Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Seale, A. C., Blencowe, H., Bianchi-Jassir, F., Embleton, N., Bassat, Q., Ordi, J., Menéndez, C., Cutland, C., Briner, C., Berkley, J. A., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Gravett, M. G., Heath, P. T., Ip, M., Le Doare, K., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., … Madhi, S. A. (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S125–S132. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix585

The role of infection in miscarriage
Giakoumelou, S., Wheelhouse, N., Cuschieri, K., Entrican, G., Howie, S. E., & Horne, A. W. (2016). Human reproduction update, 22(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv041

A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury.
​Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2015 Apr;7(4):488-505.
​​
Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus.
Tudela CM, Stewart RD, Roberts SW, Wendel GD Jr, Stafford IA, McIntire DD, Sheffield JS.
Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;119(3):626-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824532f6.
“We believe that these findings are compelling evidence that fetuses with early-onset GBS may have signs of sepsis peripartum. We hypothesize that these data support the concept that early-onset GBS represents a spectrum of infection that often precedes birth.”​

​Intrauterine infection may be a major cause of stillbirth in Sweden
Egle Tolockiene, Eva Morsing, Elisabeth Holst , Andreas Herbst, Åsa Ljungh, Nils Svenningsen, Inga Hägerstrand, Lennarth Nyström First published: 03 July 2003. Volume80, Issue6, Pages 511-518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.d01-151.x

Intrauterine infections with group B beta-haemolytic streptococci
Desa DJ, Trevenen CL. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984 Mar;91(3):237-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04759.x. PMID: 6367810.

Antibiotic Management of Miscarriages Associated with Group B Streptococcus Genital Tract Infection
​Attila Toth, MD. Clinical Associate Professor, New York Hospital – Presbyterian Medical Center. Case Reports. 
​​

​Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization and Ascending Infection in Pregnancy
Alyssa Brokaw, Anna Furuta, Matthew Dacanay, Lakshmi Rajagopal, and Kristina M. Adams Waldorf. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 03 September 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.720789

Bacterial Hyaluronidase Promotes Ascending GBS Infection and Preterm Birth
Vornhagen, J., Quach, P., Boldenow, E., Merillat, S., Whidbey, C., Ngo, L. Y., Adams Waldorf, K. M., & Rajagopal, L. (2016). mBio, 7(3), e00781-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00781-16
​

Association between group B streptococcus positivity and maternal infectious morbidity
Jennifer A. McCoy, Kira A. Bromwich, Kristin D. Gerson, Lisa D. Levine. VOLUME 228, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S490-S491, JANUARY 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.844

(Maternal Fever) Diagnosis and Management of Clinical Chorioamnionitis
​Tita A. T. N, Andrews W. W. Clin Perinatol. 2010 Jun; 37(2): 339-354. 

​Peripartum infection associated with vaginal group B streptococcal colonization.
Yancey MK, Duff P, Clark P, Kurtzer T, Frentzen BH, Kubilis P. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Nov;84(5):816-9.
“Intrapartum vaginal colonization with group B streptococci is an important independent risk factor for chorioamnionitis.”

Group B streptococcus amnionitis with intact membranes associated with quintuplet delivery
​Neri A., Wielunsky E., Henig E., et al. European Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Volume 17, Issue 1, April 1984, Pages 29-32.

Preterm Birth Associated With Group B Streptococcus Maternal Colonization Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
F. Bianchi-Jassir, A. C Seale, M. Kohli-Lynch, J. E Lawn, C. J Baker, L. Bartlett, et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 6 November 2017, Pages S133–S142,

​Bacterial Hyaluronidase Promotes Ascending GBS Infection and Preterm Birth
Jay Vornhagen, Phoenicia Quach, Erica Boldenow, Sean Merillat, Christopher Whidbey, Lisa Y. Ngo, K. M. Adams Waldorf, Lakshmi Rajagopal. mBio Jun 2016, 7 (3) e00781-16; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00781-16

Membrane Vesicles of Group B Streptococcus Disrupt Feto-Maternal Barrier Leading to Preterm Birth
Vishnu Surve M, Anil A, Ganesh Kamath K, et al. PLOS Pathogens. 1, Sep. 2016. 

​Genetic risk factor for premature birth found.
University of California, San Diego Health Sciences. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 May 2014.
“Researchers have discovered a genetic risk factor for premature birth. The risk factor is related to a gene that codes for a protein that the scientists have found helps the body’s immune cells recognize and fight Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria. These bacteria are found in the vagina or lower gastrointestinal tract of approximately 15 to 20 percent of healthy women, but may cause life-threatening infections, such as sepsis or meningitis in newborns, especially those born prematurely.”

A hemolytic pigment of Group B Streptococcus allows bacterial penetration of human placenta. (abstract)
Whidbey C et al. J Exp Med. 2013 Jun 3;210(6):1265-81. doi: 10.1084/jem.20122753. Epub 2013 May 27.

The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations
Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Buss, C., & Lu, M. C. (2011). The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations. Clinics in Perinatology, 38(3), 351–384. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2011.06.007

Intra-Uterine Death Due To B-Haemolytic Streptococcus Despite Intact Membranes.
D D'Souza, A Sharma. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Volume 10 Number 1.

​Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Newborn
BS Apgar, MD, MS; G Greenberg, MD, MA; and G YEN, MD American Family Physician, March 1 2005
“Compared with infants born to lightly colonized women, those born to heavily colonized women have 2.5 times the risk of infection. Neonates born to mothers who have GBS bacteriuria at any time during pregnancy are known to be more frequently and more heavily colonized with GBS and are more likely to develop sepsis. Infections that occur in the first two days of life usually are caused by exposure to maternal organisms. Risk factors for neonatal transmission and infection are listed in Table 1. Compared with term newborns, preterm and low-birth-weight infants have increased rates of GBS sepsis.”

​Is there a correlation between the vaginal colonization with group B streptococci and premature deliveries? (abstract)
Kovachev E, Markova V, Bozhkova K, Popova A, Tsvetkova S, Cherneva S. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2003;42 Suppl 2:3-5.

​Premature labor with intact membranes: microbiology of the amniotic fluid and lower genital tract and its relation with maternal and neonatal outcome. (abstract)
Rev Med Chil. 2000 Sep;128(9):985-95. Ovalle A, Martinez MA, Gomez R, Saez J, Menares I, Aspillaga C, Schwarze JE.
“In preterm labor with intact membranes, intraamniotic infection is the most frequent cause of prematurity and is associated with a higher prevalence of maternal and neonatal problems.“

Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: the role of induction of labor.
Hannah, M. E., Ohlsson, A., Wang, E. E., Matlow, A., Foster, G. A., Willan, A. R., Hodnett, E. D., Weston, J. A., Farine, D., & Seaward, P. G. (1997). TermPROM Study Group. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 177(4), 780–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70268-0

​Group B streptococcal colonization and preterm labour. (abstract)
McDonald H, Vigneswaran R, O’Loughlin JA. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Aug;29(3 Pt 2):291-3.

Antibiotic Elimination of Group-B Streptococci in Urine in Prevention of Preterm Labour (abstract)
AC Thomsen, L Morup, KB Hansen. The Lancet, 1(8533):591-593, 1987.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

​A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury.
​Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2015 Apr;7(4):488-505.
​
Factors associated with intrapartum transmission of group B Streptococcus. (abstract)
Berardi A., Rossi C., Guidotti I., et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Dec; 33(12): 1211-5.

​Factors Associated with Intrapartum Transmission of Group B Streptococcus. (abstract)
Berardi et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Jul 16.
“Heavy maternal colonization, intrapartum fever, African ethnicity and lack of IAP exposure were associated with GBS transmission in neonates born to women who tested positive on admission. Low rates of NC were found among IAP exposed neonates irrespective of IAP duration.”

Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus. (abstract)
Tudela et al. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9032, USA. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;119(3):626-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824532f6.

Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis failure and group-B streptococcus early-onset disease. (abstract)
Berardi A., Lugli L., Rossi C., et al. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Oct; 24(10): 1221-4. 

​Diminishing Racial Disparities in Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease --- United States, 2000--2003
MMWR June 18, 2004 / 53(23);502-505

Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Late-Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Karampatsas K, Davies H, Mynarek M, Andrews N, Heath PT, Le Doare K. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 11:ciac206. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac206. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35275986.

Understanding Factors in Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease. Infection and drug resistance
Berardi, A., Trevisani, V., Di Caprio, A., Bua, J., China, M., Perrone, B., Pagano, R., Lucaccioni, L., Fanaro, S., Iughetti, L., Lugli, L., & Creti, R. (2021), 14, 3207–3218. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S291511

​​Is It Just Water Under the Bridge? An Eight-Day-Old With Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection After Water Birth
Solt, S. A., Smith, R. L., Pirzadeh, A., Belhorn, T., & Zwemer, E. (2020). Cureus, 12(6), e8614. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8614

​Group B streptococcus late-onset disease, contaminated breast milk and mothers persistently GBS negative: report of 3 cases
Nicolini, G., Borellini, M., Loizzo, V., Creti, R., Memo, L., & Berardi, A. (2018). BMC pediatrics, 18(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1192-x

The Many Faces of Late Onset Group B Streptococcus Infection. J Pediatric Infection
Dudek CJ, Shah C, Zayas J, et al.  Dis. 2016, 1:2. doi: 10.21767/2573-0282.100014
​
Late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with breast milk transmission: molecular typing using RAPD-PCR. 
Brandolini M., Corbella M., Cambieri P., et al. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar; 90 Suppl 1:S84-6.

Mothers a common source of infection in late-onset GBS
Morven S. Edwards, MD. February 2013. Infectious Disease in Children. 

Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease: 2003–2010 (Full Article)
Alberto Berardi, MD,a Cecilia Rossi, MD,a Licia Lugli, MD,a Roberta Creti, PhD,b et. all, American Academy of Pediatrics Vol. 131 No. 2 February 1, 2013 pp. e361 -e368 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1231)

Horizontal transmission of group B streptococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit.
Morinis J., Shah J., Murthy P., et al. Paediatr Child Health. 2011 Jun-Jul; 16(6): e48-e50.

Late and ultra late onset Streptococcus B meningitis: clinical and bacteriological data over 6 years in France. (abstract)
Guilbert J et al. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Jan;99(1):47-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01510.x.
“These data suggest that LOD and ULOD would be the same clinical and bacteriological entity, except for prematurity, which seems significantly associated with ULOD.”

​Late-onset group B streptococcal disease by infected mother’s milk detected by polymerase chain reaction. (abstract) (.pdf version)
Lanari M, Serra L, Cavrini F, Liguori G, Sambri V.,Department of Paediatrics, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital, Imola, Italy. New Microbiol. 2007 Jul;30(3):253-4.

Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease With Recurrence and in Multiples: Towards a Better Understanding of GBS Late-Onset Sepsis
Mirjam Freudenhammer, et al. Front. Immunol., 02 June 2021 Sec. Immunological Memory
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.617925

The first case of recurrent ultra late onset group B streptococcal sepsis in a 3-year-old child.
Hosoda, A., Gatayama, R., Moriyama, S., Ishii, N., Yamada, K., Matsuzaki, Y., & Shinjoh, M. (2016). IDCases, 7, 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2016.11.007

​Recurrent neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk.
Wang LY, Chen CT, Liu WH, Wang YH. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jul;46(6):547-9.

Prevention of recurrent fetal death in utero due to group b streptococcal chorioamnionitis. 
Jones S., Athan E., Viggers J. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004, 44: 356-357. 

Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission. (abstract)
Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A,  Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350. kotiw@usq.edu.au
Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):251-6. Epub 2003 Apr 14.

A 5-Year Review of Recurrent Group B Streptococcal Disease: Lessons from Twin Infants
Edina H. Moylett. Marisol Fernandez. Marcia A. Rench. Melissa E. Hickman, Carol J. Baker
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 30, Issue 2, 1 February 2000, Pages 282–287, https://doi.org/10.1086/313655

Recurrent group B streptococcal infections in infants: clinical and microbiologic aspects.
Green PA, Singh KV, Murray BE, Baker CJ. J Pediatr. 1994 Dec;125(6 Pt 1):931-8.

Antibiotic Management of Miscarriages Associated with Group B Streptococcus Genital Tract Infection
​Attila Toth, MD. Clinical Associate Professor, New York Hospital – Presbyterian Medical Center. Case Reports. ​

Pediatric sepsis cases diagnosed with group B streptococcal meningitis using next-generation sequencing: a report of two cases
Horiba, K., Suzuki, M., Tetsuka, N. et al. BMC Infect Dis 21, 531 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06231-3

Group B Streptococcal Neonatal Meningitis
Tavares T, Pinho L, Bonifácio Andrade E. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2022 Feb 16;35(2):e0007921. doi: 10.1128/cmr.00079-21. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35170986; PMCID: PMC8849199.

Clinical and Laboratory Features of Group B Streptococcus Meningitis in Infants and Newborns: Study of 848 Cases in France, 2001–2014
Anne-Sophie Romain, Robert Cohen, Céline Plainvert, Caroline Joubrel, Stéphane Béchet, Amélie Perret, Asmaa Tazi, Claire Poyart, Corinne Levy, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 66, Issue 6, 15 March 2018, Pages 857–864, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix896

Group B Streptococcal infection and activation of human astrocytes.
Stoner TD., Weston TA., Trejo J., et al. PLoS One. 2015. June 1;10 (6): e0128431. 

Identification of a group B streptococcal fibronectin binding protein, SfbA, that contributes to invasion of brain endothelium and development of meningitis.
Mu R., Kim BJ., Paco C., et al. Infect Immun. 2014 Jun; 82(6):2276-86. ​

​Evaluation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and memory in adult rats survivors of the neonatal meningitis by Streptococcus agalactiae.
Barichello T., Lemos JC., Generoso JS., et al. Brain Res Bull. 2013 Mar; 92:56-9. ​

​Group B streptococcal meningitis in a 10 month old infant – is it different from GBS meningitis during early infancy?
Jamalpuri V, Bragonier R. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2012;97:A18-A19.

Binding of glycoprotein Srr1 of Streptococcus agalactiae to fibrinogen promotes attachment to brain endothelium and the development of meningitis.
Seo HS., Mu R., Kim BJ., et al. PLoS Pathog. 2012; 8(10): e1002947.
​
Group B Streptococcus surface proteins as major determinants for meningeal tropism.
Tazi A., Bellais S., Tardiex I., et al. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012 Feb; 15(1): 44-9.

Host cytosolic phospholipase A₂α contributes to group B Streptococcus penetration of the blood-brain barrier.
Maruvada R., Zhu L., Pearce D., et al. Infect Immun. 2011 Oct; 79(10): 4088-93. 

The surface protein HvgA mediates group B streptococcus hypervirulence and meningeal tropism in neonates.
Tazi A., Disson O., Bellais S., et al. J Exp Med. 2010 Oct 25; 207(11): 2312-22. 

The group B streptococcal serine-rich repeat 1 glycoprotein mediates penetration of the blood-brain barrier.
Van Sorge NM., Quach D., Gurney MA., et al. J Infect Dis. 2009 May 15; 199(10): 1479-87. 

Cerebellar injury in term infants: clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and outcome.
Limperopoulos C., Robertson RL., Sullivan NR., et al. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Jul; 41(1):1-8. 

Bacterial meningitis in infants: the epidemiology, clinical features, and prognostic factors.
Chang CJ., Chang WN., Huang LT., et al. Brian Dev. 2004 Apr; 26(3): 168-75.

Group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin/cytolysin activates neutrophil signaling pathways in brain endothelium and contributes to development of meningitis.
Doran KS., Liu GY., Nizet V. J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep; 112(5): 736-44. 

Late-onset group B streptococcal infection in identical twins: insight to disease pathogenesis.
Doran KS., Benoit VM., Gertz RE., et al. J Perinatol. 2002 Jun; 22(4): 326-30. 

Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh
Chowdhury KIA, Jabeen I, Rahman M, Faruque ASG, Alam NH, Ali S, Ahmed T, Fuchs GJ, Duke T, Gyr N, Sarma H. Arch Dis Child. 2022 May;107(5):436-440. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-321993. Epub 2021 Sep 15. PMID: 34526294.

Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome after invasive group B streptococcal infection in infants
Maren Mynarek, Torstein Vik, Guro L. Andersen, Anne K.Brigtsen, Sandra Julsen Hollung, Tricia L. Larose, Stian Lydersen, Lene C.Olsen, Marianne S. Strøm, Jan E. Afset, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, June 2023.

Long-term Risk of Epilepsy Following Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease in Neonates in Denmark
Lykke MR, Sørensen HT, Lawn JE, Horváth-Puhó E. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e239507. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9507

​Group B Streptococcal Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years
Karen M Puopolo, MD, PhD, Sagori Mukhopadhyay, MD, MMSc, Nellie I Hansen, MPH, Dustin D Flannery, DO, MSCE, Rachel G Greenberg, MD, MB, MHS, Pablo J Sanchez, MD, Edward F Bell, MD, Sara B DeMauro, MD, MSCE, Myra H Wyckoff, MD, Eric C Eichenwald, MD, Barbara J Stoll, MD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022;, ciac222, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac222

​Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes after invasive Group B Streptococcus in early infancy: A multi-country matched cohort study in South Africa, Mozambique, India, Kenya, and Argentina
P Paul, J Chandna, SR Procter, et al. EClinicalMedicine (2022). published online April 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101358

Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Children After Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Maya Kohli-Lynch, Neal J Russell, Anna C Seale, Ziyaad Dangor, Cally J Tann, Carol J Baker, et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 15 November 2017, Pages S190–S199, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix663

A sexually dichotomous, autistic-like phenotype is induced by Group B Streptococcus maternofetal immune activation.
Allard MJ, Bergeron JD, Baharnoori M, et al. Autism Res. 2016 May 25.

Long-term outcomes of group B streptococcal meningitis.
Libster R., Edwards KM., Levent F., et al. Pediatrics. 2012 Jul; 130(1): e8-15. ​

Association between group B streptococcus positivity and maternal infectious morbidity
Jennifer A. McCoy, Kira A. Bromwich, Kristin D. Gerson, Lisa D. Levine. VOLUME 228, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S490-S491, JANUARY 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.844
​
Group B streptococcal infection in pregnant individuals
Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, Lawrence C. Madoff, MD. UpToDate

Maternal Disease With Group B Streptococcus and Serotype Distribution Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. Hall J, Adams NH, Bartlett L, Seale AC, Lamagni T, Bianchi-Jassir F, Lawn JE, Baker CJ, Cutland C, Heath PT, Ip M, Le Doare K, Madhi SA, Rubens CE, Saha SK, Schrag S, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A, Vekemans J, Gravett MG.  Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 6;65(suppl_2):S112-S124.

Please also see Articles and Abstracts on Vaginitis and GBS

Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

Group B Streptococcus and diabetes: Finding the sweet spot
Keogh RA, Doran KS (2023). PLoS Pathog 19(2): e1011133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011133
​

Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis.
Chretien JH, McGinniss CG, Thompson J, Delaha E, Garagusi VF. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Sep;10(3):263-6. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.3.263-266.1979. PMID: 385614; PMCID: PMC273149.

​Please also see Articles and Abstracts on Vaginitis and GBS.

Listening to Parents after stillbirth or the death of their baby after birth.
Redshaw M, Rowe R, and Henderson J,  2014, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit University of Oxford.

Association between reduced stillbirth rates in England and regionaluptake of accreditation training in customised fetal growth assessment. 
​Gardosi J, et al.,  BMJ, 2013. 3: p. e003942 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003942.
​
Women’s premonitions prior to the death of their baby in utero and how they deal with the feeling that their baby may be unwell. (abstract) 
Erlandsson K, et al.,  Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012. 91(1):28-33.

A is for aphorism: Do smart mothers make better diagnoses than poor doctors? (abstract)
Cooke G,  Aust Fam Physician 2012. 41(9): p. 730.

Strengthening mindfetalness. (abstract)
Rådestad I, Sex Reprod Health 2012. 3(2) 59-60.

Obstetric outcome in women complaining of reduced fetal movements. (Link currently unavailable)
Sinha D et al.  J Obstet Gynaecol 2007 27 (1) 41-43.

The silent child–mothers’ experiences before, during, and after stillbirth. (abstract) 
Trulsson O, Rådestad. I,  Birth, 2004 31(3): p. 189-95

Intuition: a critical review of the research and rhetoric. (abstract)
King L, Appleton JV, JAN, 1997. 26: 194-202.

Using intuitive knowledge in the neonatal intensive care nursery.
Schraeder BD, Fischer DK,  Hol Nurs Pract, 1987. 1(3): 45-51 (Link currently unavailable)

How expert nurses use intuition. (Link currently unavailable)
Benner P., Tanner C.A.  AJN 1987 87(1), 23-31.

The success of vaginal birth by use of trans-labial ultrasound plus vaginal examination and vaginal examination only in pregnant women with labor induction: a comparative study.
Nouri-Khasheh-Heiran, E., Montazeri, A., Conversano, F. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05324-4

Cervical Exam at the End of Pregnancy: Learn what the exam can (and cannot) tell you about impending labor
By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH. Updated on June 14, 2021. VeryWell Family. Medically reviewed by Rachel Gurevich, RN
​
The correlation between the number of vaginal examinations during active labor and febrile morbidity, a retrospective cohort study
Gluck O, et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. , Volume 20, Article number: 246 (2020).

The Myth of the Vaginal Exam
Website article at About.com by Robin Elise Weiss, LCCE. (2019)
“Vaginal exams can increase the risks of infection, even when done carefully and with sterile gloves, etc. It pushes the normal bacteria found in the vagina upwards towards the cervix. There is also increased risk of rupturing the membranes.”

Is meconium passage a risk factor for maternal infection in term pregnancies? (abstract)
Jazayeri A, Jazayeri MK, Sahinler M, Sincich T. Obstet Gynecol. 99(4):548-52. 2002.
“Meconium passage increases the risk of postpartum endometritis but not chorioamnionitis. Length of labor, internal monitoring, and number of vaginal exams are risk factors for chorioamnionitis.“

Cervical Manipulations Linked to Perinatal Sepsis: Consider GBS-specific Chemoprophylaxis (Eight Case Reports)
Kathryn DeMott. OB/GYN News, Oct 15, 2001.
“Obstetricians may want to reconsider doing elective cervical manipulation, at least on patients who have cervical vaginal infection or colonization with potential perinatal pathogens. They may also want to consider providing GBS-specific chemoprophylaxis before membrane stripping.”
​
The microbiologic effect of digital cervical examination. (abstract)
Imseis HM, Trout WC, Gabbe SG. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 180(3 Pt 1):578-80. 1999.
“An immediate effect of digital examination is the introduction of vaginal organisms into the cervical canal.“

​Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intraamniotic infection. (abstract)
Riggs JW, Blanco JD. Semin Perinatol. 22(4):251-9. 1998.
“There is no clearly established means for the prevention of IAI, but cervical examinations and cervical manipulation can increase the risk, so caution with their use is still warranted.”

International Multicentre Term Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Study: evaluation of predictors of clinical chorioamnionitis and postpartum fever in patients with prelabor rupture of membranes at term. (abstract)
Seaward PG, Hannah ME, Myhr TL, Farine D, Ohlsson A, Wang EE, Haque K, Weston JA, Hewson SA, Ohel G, Hodnett ED. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177(5):1024-9. 1997.
“Increasing numbers of digital vaginal examinations, longer duration of active labor, and meconium staining of the amniotic fluid were the most important risk factors for the development of clinical chorioamnionitis in women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.“

Characterization and control of intraamniotic infection in an urban teaching hospital. (abstract)
Soper DE, Mayhall CG, Froggatt JW. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 175(2):304-9; discussion 309-10. 1996.
“Risk factors (duration of ruptured membranes, use of internal monitoring, number of vaginal examinations) were similar in both term and preterm women with intraamniotic infection.”

An In-Depth Look at Internal Fetal Monitoring
By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH. Updated on June 14, 2021

Is meconium passage a risk factor for maternal infection in term pregnancies? (abstract)
Jazayeri A, Jazayeri MK, Sahinler M, Sincich T. Obstet Gynecol. 99(4):548-52. 2002.
“Meconium passage increases the risk of postpartum endometritis but not chorioamnionitis. Length of labor, internal monitoring, and number of vaginal exams are risk factors for chorioamnionitis.”

Characterization and control of intraamniotic infection in an urban teaching hospital.
Soper, D. E., Mayhall, C. G., & Froggatt, J. W. (1996). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 175(2), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70139-4

​Previous intra-amniotic infection as a risk factor for subsequent peripartal uterine infections. (abstract)
Dinsmoor MJ, Gibbs RS.
Obstet Gynecol. 74(3 Pt 1):299-301. 1989. “Those patients who did develop recurrent intra-amniotic infection had significantly longer labors, duration of ruptured membranes, and duration of internal monitoring, and an increased number of vaginal examinations.“

Risk factors for intraamniotic infection: a prospective epidemiologic study. (abstract)
Soper DE, Mayhall CG, Dalton HP. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 161(3):562-6; discussion 566-8. 1989.
“The clinical diagnosis of intraamniotic infection was made in  (10.5%) patients. Patients with intraamniotic infection were younger, of lower gravidity and parity, more likely to require oxytocin augmentation, and more likely to be monitored internally than were patients who were not infected. They also had longer durations of labor, ruptured membranes, and hospitalization before delivery, had significantly more vaginal examinations, and were more likely to be delivered of infants by cesarean section, as compared with patients without infection. Logistic regression analysis identified four variables independently associated with intraamniotic infection: the number of vaginal examinations, duration of ruptured membranes, use of internal monitors, and duration of total labor.“
​
Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intra-amniotic infection. (abstract)
Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Apr;73(4):571-5.
“…among patients meeting risk criteria, parity, duration of internal monitoring, and duration of membrane rupture were the significant risk factors for intra-amniotic infection.“

New evidence indicates early induction of labour may reduce inequalities in pregnancy outcomes
21 July 2023 | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

The success of vaginal birth by use of trans-labial ultrasound plus vaginal examination and vaginal examination only in pregnant women with labor induction: a comparative study.
Nouri-Khasheh-Heiran, E., Montazeri, A., Conversano, F. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05324-4

Maternal Colonization With Group B Streptococcus and the Risk for Infection After Cervical Ripening With a Transcervical Foley Catheter
Ben-David, A., Meyer, R., Regev, N., & Mazaki-Tovi, S. (2021). Obstetrics and gynecology, 137(4), 662–663. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004306

Membrane Sweeping in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Positive Patients​
Jennifer Keller, George Washington University. February 15, 2013

​Methods of induction of labour: a systematic review. (abstract)
Mozurkewich EL, Chilimigras JL, Berman DR, Perni UC, Romero VC, King VJ, Keeton KL.
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011 Oct 27;11:84. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-84.

​Maternal colonization with Group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: The role of induction in labor. (abstract)
Hannah, Mary E. MD,CM, et. al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177:780-785. 1997.
“RESULTS: Group B streptococci were predictive of neonatal infection for the induction with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and expectant groups but not for the induction with oxytocin group. For women positive for group B streptococci the rates of neonatal infection were 2.5% for the induction with oxytocin group and > 8% for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin may be preferable for group B streptococci-positive women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.”

The Historical Practice of “Membrane Sweep” to Initiate Labour: Does it Have a Role in Contemporary Obstetric Practice?​ 
Sukumaran S, Chandraharan E. Glob J Reprod Med. 2021; 8(2): 5556733.
​​
Membrane sweeping for induction of labourFinucane EM, Murphy DJ, Biesty LM, Gyte GML, Cotter AM, Ryan EM, Boulvain M, Devane D (2020). Cochrane. 

Membrane Sweeping in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Positive Patients​
Jennifer Keller, George Washington University. February 15, 2013

​Cervical Manipulations Linked to Perinatal Sepsis: Consider GBS-specific Chemoprophylaxis (Eight Case Reports)
Kathryn DeMott. OB/GYN News, Oct 15, 2001.
“Obstetricians may want to reconsider doing elective cervical manipulation, at least on patients who have cervical vaginal infection or colonization with potential perinatal pathogens. They may also want to consider providing GBS-specific chemoprophylaxis before membrane stripping.”

​Group B Streptococcus. (abstract)
Anne Schuchat MD. The Lancet; 353: 51-6. 1999
“Birth practices differ substantially around the world, and home births and less invasive procedures during hospital births might limit the risk of GBS sepsis in the newborn.”

Maternal colonization with Group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: The role of induction in labor. (abstract)
Hannah, Mary E. MD,CM, et. al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177:780-785. 1997.
“RESULTS: Group B streptococci were predictive of neonatal infection for the induction with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and expectant groups but not for the induction with oxytocin group. For women positive for group B streptococci the rates of neonatal infection were 2.5% for the induction with oxytocin group and > 8% for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin may be preferable for group B streptococci-positive women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.”

Group B Strep: A Patient/Provider Approach for Optimizing Care
James McGregor, MDCM “Research has been done showing that both labor contractions and manual or digital examinations by care providers can actually move infectious vaginal fluid through the mouth of the womb.”

The success of vaginal birth by use of trans-labial ultrasound plus vaginal examination and vaginal examination only in pregnant women with labor induction: a comparative study.
Nouri-Khasheh-Heiran, E., Montazeri, A., Conversano, F. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05324-4

Accuracy of non-invasive methods for assessing the progress of labor in the first stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pan, W. L., Chen, L. L., & Gau, M. L. (2022). BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 22(1), 608. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04938-y

Transvaginal Ultrasound — Applications in the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy
Lim BH. BMUS Bulletin. 2000;8(1):22-25. doi:10.1177/1742271X0000800106

​Holding a baby after stillbirth: the impact of fetal congenital and structural abnormalities. 
Cersonsky, T.E.K., Pinar, H., Silver, R.M. et al.  J Perinatol (2022).
​https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-022-01480-9

Compositional Changes in the Vaginal Bacterial Microbiome of Healthy Pregnant Women across the Three Gestational Trimesters in Ismailia, Egypt
Mariam E. Amin, Marwa Azab, Amro Hanora, Khaled Atwa, Sarah Shabayek. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 139.
​
Association between maternal antibiotic exposure and collateral effects related to microbiome changes in young children: A systematic review (poster) 
Rita W.Y. Ng, Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte, Priyanga Dharmaratne, Margaret Ip. Conference: Microbiome Interactions in Health and Disease (24–26 October 2022 Wellcome Genome Campus, UK)

Gardnerella vaginalis promotes group B Streptococcus vaginal colonization, enabling ascending uteroplacental infection in pregnant mice
Gilbert, N. M., Foster, L. R., Cao, B., Yin, Y., Mysorekar, I. U., & Lewis, A. L. (2021). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 224(5), 530.e1–530.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.032

Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age.
Xu, J., Bian, G., Zheng, M., Lu, G., Chan, W. Y., Li, W., Yang, K., Chen, Z. J., & Du, Y. (2020). American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 83(4), e13220. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13220

Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens
Marcus C. de Goffau, et al. (2019) Nature: International Journal of Science

Penn: Mom's stress alters babies' gut and brain through vaginal microbiome.
University of Pennsylvania. EurekAlert Global Source for Science News. 22 Jun, 2015. 

Streptococcus Group B
Hanna M, Noor A. [Updated 2023 Jan 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

Group B streptococcal disease in the mother and newborn-- A review
​PJ Steer et al. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Available online 15 June 2020

Group B Streptococcal Disease: From Trials and Tribulations to Triumph and Trepidation
Anne Schuchat, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 33, Issue 6, 15 September 2001, Pages 751–756, https://doi.org/10.1086/322697

Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States: Shifting Paradigms
Anne Schuchat. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Jul; 11(3): 497–513.

Specific Bacterial Infections: Group B Streptococcus.
David A. Eschenbach, MD. The Global Library of Women’s Medicine

Two novel functions of hyaluronidase from Streptococcus agalactiae are enhanced intracellular survival and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression.
Wang Z., Guo C., Xu Y., et al. Infect Immun. 2014 Jun; 82(6): 2615-25.

Human Streptococcus agalactiae Isolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Evans J. J., Klesius P.H., Pasnik D. J., et al. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009 May; 15(5): 774-6. ​

Infections with Group B Streptococci
D'apres. Public Health Laboratory Service and/et British Medical Journal, 23 March, 1973, 1,428.

Occult group B streptococcal infection: An important cause of intrauterine asphyxia. 
Peevy KJ., Chalhub EG. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 15, Aug. 1983. Volume 146, Issue 8, 989-990. 

Infections with Group B Streptococci
Elias G. Chalhub, M.D. D'apres. Public Health Laboratory Service and/et British Medical Journal, 23 March, 1973, 1,428.

Assessing Intrauterine Retention according to Microscopic Stillbirth Features: A Cluster Analysis Approach
Tess E.K. Cersonsky, George R. Saade, Robert M. Silver, Uma M. Reddy, Donald J. Dudley & Halit Pinar (2023), Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2246571

Benefits and Limitations of the Minimally Invasive Postmortem: A Review of an Innovative Service Development
Hyde G, Rummery R, Whitby EH, Bloor J, Raghavan A, Cohen MC. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2020 Nov-Dec;23(6):431-437. doi: 10.1177/1093526620956797. Epub 2020 Sep 21. PMID: 32951527.

Minimally invasive tissue sampling part of new global surveillance alliance
Health Europa, 8 June 2018

​Precisely Tracking Childhood Death
Tamer H. Farag, Jeffrey P. Koplan, Robert F. Breiman, et. al. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Jul 12; 97(1): 3–5.
Published online 2017 Jun 5. doi:  10.4269/ajtmh.16-0302

Minimally Invasive Autopsy: A New Paradigm for Understanding Global Health?
Byass P (2016), PLoS Med 13(11): e1002173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002173

Verbal autopsy standards: ascertaining and attributing causes of death
2016. World Health Organization

​The role of fetal autopsy and placental examination in the causes of fetal death: a retrospective study of 132 cases of stillbirths.
Bonetti LR, Ferrari P, Trani N, Maccio L, Laura S, Giuliana S, Facchinetti F, Rivasi F.. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Feb;283(2):231-41. doi: 10.1007/s00404-009-1317-4. Epub 2010 Jan 6.
“A reasonable cause of fetal death was identified in 99/124 pregnancies (79.84%)."

A Standard Verbal Autopsy Method for Investigating Causes of Death in Infants and Children
Martha Anker, Robert E. Black, Christopher Coldham et. al. World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response

Placental lesions associated with stillbirth by gestational age, according to feature importance: Results from the stillbirth collaborative research network
Tess E.K. Cersonsky, Rose K. Cersonsky, George R. Saade, Robert M. Silver, Uma M. Reddy, Robert L. Goldenberg, Donald J. Dudley, Halit Pinar. Placenta, Volume 137, June 2023, Pages 59-64.

Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens 
Marcus C. de Goffau, et al. (2019) Nature: International Journal of Science

​Notes from the Field: Late-Onset Infant Group B Streptococcus Infection Associated with Maternal Consumption of Capsultes Containing Dehydrated Placenta
​Buser GL, Mató S, Zhang AY, Metcalf BJ, Beall B, Thomas AR. Notes from the Field: Late-Onset Infant Group B Streptococcus Infection Associated with Maternal Consumption of Capsules Containing Dehydrated Placenta — Oregon, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:677–678. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6625a4

The role of the placenta in feto-neonatal infections. (abstract)
Spinillo A, Iacobone AD, Calvino IG, Alberi I, Gardella B. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar;90 Suppl 1:S7-9. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(14)70003-9.

The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome. (abstract)
Kjersti Aagaard et al. Sci Transl Med. 21 May 2014:  Vol. 6, Issue 237, p. 237ra65 Sci. Transl. Med. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599″>10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599
​
Study Sees Bigger Role for Placenta in Newborns’ Health
Denise Grady. New York Times, May 21, 2014
“A study led by Dr. Kjersti Aagaard found that the placenta has its own microbiome that may help shape the health of an infant.”

A hemolytic pigment of Group B Streptococcus allows bacterial penetration of human placenta. (abstract and link to full text)
Whidbey C et al. J Exp Med. 2013 Jun 3;210(6):1265-81. doi: 10.1084/jem.20122753. Epub 2013 May 27.

Dr. Harvey Kliman, working with his father, mathematician Merwin Kliman, has developed a technique to measure Estimated Placental Volume (EPV) during pregnancy. This information has the potential to improve patients' prenatal care and pregnancy outcomes, as small placentas can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, and in severe cases, even intrauterine fetal demise.​ View Resources 

Placental Triage 101 (website)
“Placental triage is the standardized, thorough gross examination of the placenta in the delivery room, to identify abnormal placentas to send to surgical pathology for complete gross and microscopic examination and to save the normal placentas for 7 days, refrigerated, until the condition of the infant and mother are stabilized, with documentation in the medical record of the examination findings. Despite the long description, once well practiced, placental triage only takes a couple of minutes.”
​
The role of the placenta in feto-neonatal infections. (abstract)
Spinillo A, Iacobone AD, Calvino IG, Alberi I, Gardella B.
Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar;90 Suppl 1:S7-9. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(14)70003-9.
“…certain placental reaction patterns may identify and estimate the risk for specific perinatal complications in infants.”

​Abnormal Placentas May Signal Autism Risk
Deborah Brauser. Medscape News Infectious Diseaes, Apr 30, 2013

Morphological findings and value of placental examination at fetal and perinatal autopsy. (abstract)
Larsen LG1, Graem N. APMIS. 1999 Mar;107(3):337-45.​

Mechanisms of group B Streptococcus-mediated preterm birth: lessons learnt from animal models
Noble K Kurian, Deepak Modi. Reproduction and Fertility. Volume 3: Issue 3 04 Jul 2022https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0105

Group B Streptococcal Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years
Karen M Puopolo, MD, PhD, Sagori Mukhopadhyay, MD, MMSc, Nellie I Hansen, MPH, Dustin D Flannery, DO, MSCE, Rachel G Greenberg, MD, MB, MHS, Pablo J Sanchez, MD, Edward F Bell, MD, Sara B DeMauro, MD, MSCE, Myra H Wyckoff, MD, Eric C Eichenwald, MD, Barbara J Stoll, MD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022;, ciac222, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac222

​Hyaluronidase Impairs Neutrophil Function and Promotes Group B Streptococcus Invasion and Preterm Labor in Nonhuman Primates
Coleman, Michelle, et al. Mbio 12.1 (2021).​

Preterm Birth Associated With Group B Streptococcus Maternal Colonization Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.
Bianchi-Jassir F, Seale AC, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 6;65(suppl_2):S133-S142. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix661.

Lessons Learned About System-Level Improvement in Serious Illness Communication: A Qualitative Study of Serious Illness Care Program Implementation in Five Health Systems
​Paladino, J., Fromme, E. K., Kilpatrick, L., Dingfield, L., Teuteberg, W., Bernacki, R., Jackson, V., Sanders, J. J., Jacobsen, J., Ritchie, C., & Mitchell, S. (2023). Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety, S1553-7250(23)00153-8. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2023.06.013

Improving serious illness communication: a qualitative study of clinical culture
Paladino, J., Sanders, J.J., Fromme, E.K. et al. BMC Palliat Care 22, 104 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-023-01229-x

Impact of Communication in Healthcare
“Extensive research has shown that no matter how knowledgeable a clinician might be, if he or she is not able to open good communication with the patient, he or she may be of no help.”

Optimal timing of near‐term delivery in different ethnicities: a national cohort study
BM Kazemier, ACJ Ravelli, CJM de Groot, BWJ Mol. Accepted 9 May 2014. Published Online 3 July 2014.

Does gestation vary by ethnic group? A London-based study of over 122 000 pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labour
Roshni R Patel, Philip Steer, Pat Doyle, Mark P Little, Paul Elliott, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 33, Issue 1, February 2004, Pages 107–113

Challenging Providers To Look Within Themselves: A New Tool To Reduce Bias In Maternity Care
Health Affairs Blog, July 6, 2021. DOI: 10.1377/hblog20210630.980773

Racial disparities in intrapartum group B Streptococcus colonization: a higher incidence of conversion in African American women
Spiel MH, Hacker MR, Haviland MJ, et al. J Perinatol. 2019;39(3):433-438. doi:10.1038/s41372-018-0308-3

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization and Disease among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study
James M. Edwards et al. 03 Feb 2019

​Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

​Racial disparities in the risk of neonatal group B streptococcal disease
Melissa Spiel, Miriam J. Haviland, Elizabeth Roberts, Bethany Mulla, Michele R. Hacker, Brett C. Young (2017)

​Diminishing Racial Disparities in Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease --- United States, 2000--2003
MMWR June 18, 2004 / 53(23);502-505

Obstetric providers:
Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns.
This June 2019 Committee Opinion from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)’s replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Pediatric providers:
Management of Infants at Risk for Group B Streptococcal Disease.
This July 2019 clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Additionally, in late 2018, AAP released guidance that pertains to management of infants with suspected or proven early-onset sepsis.

Laboratorians:
Guidelines for the Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococcus. This July 2021 guideline from the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."

Prevention of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Newborns.
Committee Opinion No. 485. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:XX–XX.

Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease. Revised Guidelines from CDC, 2010.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. November 19, 2010 / 59(RR10);1-32.

​Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease
Revised Guidelines from CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.August 16, 2002 / 51(RR11);1-22

The Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease.
Deborah Money and Victoria M. Allen.
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. No. 298, October 2013 (Replaces #149, September 2004).

Management of Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy.
Victoria M. Allen, Mark H. Yudin
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. 276 – Published May 2012
​
Antibiotic Therapy in Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Nancy Van Eyk, Mark H. Yudin, Julie van Schalkwyk
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. 233 – Published September 2009

The impact of nutritional immunity on Group B streptococcal pathogenesis during wound infection
Akbari, M. S., Keogh, R. A., Radin, J. N., Sanchez-Rosario, Y., Johnson, M. D. L., Horswill, A. R., Kehl-Fie, T. E., Burcham, L. R., & Doran, K. S. (2023). mBio, e0030423. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00304-23

Group B Streptococcus Drives Major Transcriptomic Changes in the Colonic Epithelium
Domínguez, K., Lindon, A. K., Gibbons, J., Darch, S. E., & Randis, T. M. (2023). Infection and immunity, 91(7), e0003523. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00035-23

Genomic Analysis Reveals New Integrative Conjugal Elements and Transposons in GBS Conferring Antimicrobial Resistance
Khan UB, Portal EAR, Sands K, Lo S, Chalker VJ, Jauneikaite E, Spiller OB. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(3):544. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030544

A Host AAA-ATPase Exhibits Bacteriolytic Activity for Clearance of Microbial Infection
Ghosh, Sourav and Roy, Suvapriya and Baid, Navin and Das, Udit Kumar and Hajra, Dipasree and Menon, Sneha and Sahil, Mohammad and Shaw, Sudipti and Rakshit, Sumit and Rajmani, Raju S. and Adicherla, Harikrishna and Mondal, Jagannath and Chakravortty, Dipshikha and Banerjee, Anirban. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4503771 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4503771

Group B Streptococcus Cas9 variants provide insight into programmable gene repression and CRISPR-Cas transcriptional effects
Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna, Gideon H. Hillebrand, VenkataH. Bhavana, Jordan L. Elder, Adonis D’Mello, Hervé Tettelin & Thomas A.Hooven, Communications Biology, June 2023.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: An Alternative for Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization in a Murine Experimental Model
Pierański MK, Kosiński JG, Szymczak K, Sadowski P, Grinholc M. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(4):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040847

Host inflammatory dynamics reveal placental immune modulation by Group B Streptococcus during pregnancy
F Kuperwaser, G Avital, MJ Vaz, KN Noble, AN Dammann, TM Randis,  DM Aronoff, AJ Ratner, I Yanai.  Mol Syst Biol. 2023 Mar 9;19(3):e11021.  doi: 10.15252/msb.202211021. Epub 2023 Feb 6.
​
Group B Streptococcus adaptation promotes survival in a hyperinflammatory diabetic wound environment
RA Keogh et al. Science Advances 11 Nov 2022 Vol 8, Issue 45

Akt Inhibition Promotes Autophagy and Clearance of Group B Streptococcus from the Alveolar Epithelium
Pantazi, I., Papafragkos, I., Kolliniati, O., Lapi, I., Tsatsanis, C., & Vergadi, E. (2022). Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101134
​
Streptococcus agalactiae cadD Is Critical for Pathogenesis in the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella Model
Guevara, M et al. ACS Infect. Dis. November 29, 2022,

A Novel Conserved Protein in Streptococcus agalactiae, BvaP, Is Important for Vaginal Colonization and Biofilm Formation  
Thomas LS, Cook LC. Bacteriology. Research Article, 11 October 2022.

Streptococcus agalactiae cadD alleviates metal stress and promotes intracellular survival in macrophages and ascending infection during pregnancy.  Korir, M.L., Doster, R.S., Lu, J. et al. Nat Commun 13, 5392 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32916-7

Group B streptococcal membrane vesicles induce proinflammatory cytokine production and are sensed in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism in human macrophages
Cole R. McCutcheon, Jennifer A. Gaddy, David M. Aronoff, Shannon D. Manning, Margaret G. Petroff
bioRxiv 2022.08.10.503555; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.10.503555

Group B Streptococcus-Induced Macropinocytosis Contributes to Bacterial Invasion of Brain Endothelial Cells
Espinal ER, Matthews T, Holder BM, et al. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):474. Published 2022 Apr 15. doi:10.3390/pathogens11040474

A recombinant alpha-like protein subunit vaccine (GBS-NN) provides protection in murine models of Group B Streptococcus infection
Brokaw A, Nguyen S, Quach P, Orvis A, Furuta A, Johansson-Lindbom B, Fischer PB, Rajagopal L. J Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 16:jiac148. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac148. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35429401.

Mucosal Vaccination with Lactococcus lactis-Secreting Surface Immunological Protein Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Protection against Group B Streptococcus in a Murine Model
Diaz-Dinamarca, D. A., Hernandez, C., Escobar, D. F., Soto, D. A., Muñoz, G. A., Badilla, J. F., Manzo, R. A., Carrión, F., Kalergis, A. M., & Vasquez, A. E. (2020). Vaccines, 8(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020146

Modulation of death and inflammatory signaling in decidual stromal cells following exposure to Group B Streptococcus
Flaherty, Rebecca & Magel, Maja & Aronoff, David & Gaddy, Jennifer & Petroff, Margaret & Manning, Shannon. (2019). Infection and Immunity. 10.1128/IAI.00729-19. 

Study shows how Group B strep foils defenses in pregnancy
​Brian Donohue. News Beat, UW Health Sciences. 14, Oct. 2016. 

Inherited DOCK2 Deficiency in Patients with Early-Onset Invasive Infections.
​Dobbs K, Domínguez Conde C, Zhang SY, et al. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2409-2422June 18, 2015

Following maternal transmission, group B strep mutates to sicken infants.  
American Society for Microbiology. ScienceDaily. 19 Aug. 2015.

​Group B Streptococcus β-hemolysin/Cytolysin Breaches Maternal-Fetal Barriers to Cause Preterm Birth and Intrauterine Fetal Demise in Vivo. (abstract)
Tara M. Randis et al. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 210, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages 265–273, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu067
“Preterm birth and fetal demise are likely the direct result of toxin-induced damage and inflammation rather than differences in efficiency of ascension into the upper genital tract. These data demonstrate a distinct contribution of βH/C to GBS chorioamnionitis and subsequent fetal infection in vivo and showcase a model for this most proximal step in GBS pathogenesis.”

Choriodecidual group B streptococcal inoculation induces fetal lung injury without intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor in Macaca nemestrina.
Adams Waldorf KM et al. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28972. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028972. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
“A transient choriodecidual infection can induce cytokine production, which is associated with fetal lung injury without overt infection of amniotic fluid, chorioamnionitis or preterm labor. Fetal lung injury may, thus, occur silently without symptoms and before the onset of the fetal systemic inflammatory response syndrome.”

The impact of Lactobacillus on group B streptococcal interactions with cells of the extraplacental membranes​Shirodaa, M., Aronoff, D., Gaddy, J., Manninga,  S., Microbial Pathogenesis. Available online 21 August 2020, 104463​

Zooming in and out: a holistic framework for research on maternal, late foetal and newborn survival and health
Neha S Singh, Andrea K Blanchard, Hannah Blencowe, Adam D Koon, Ties Boerma, Sudha Sharma, Oona M R Campbell, on behalf of the Exemplars MNH research team, Health Policy and Planning, 2021;, czab148, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab148

A Novel Conserved Protein in Streptococcus agalactiae, BvaP, Is Important for Vaginal Colonization and Biofilm Formation  
Thomas LS, Cook LC. Bacteriology. Research Article, 11 October 2022.

Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies
Pieranski MK, Rychlowski M, Grinholc M. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1212. Published 2021 Sep 18. doi:10.3390/pathogens10091212

Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies
Pieranski MK, Rychlowski M, Grinholc M. Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1212. Published 2021 Sep 18. doi:10.3390/pathogens10091212

Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action
Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. Virulence. 2018 Jan 1;9(1):522-554. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372. PMID: 28362216; PMCID: PMC5955472.

Biofilms: An Underappreciated Mechanism of Treatment Failure and Recurrence in Vaginal Infections.
​Muzny CA, Schwebke JR. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 15;61(4):601-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ353. Epub 2015 May 1. PMID: 25935553; PMCID: PMC4607736.

Dual role for pilus in adherence to epithelial cells and biofilm formation in Streptococcus agalactiae
Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Mairey E, Mallet A, Duménil G, Caliot E, Trieu-Cuot P, Dramsi S. PLoS Pathog. 2009 May;5(5):e1000422. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000422. Epub 2009 May 8. PMID: 19424490; PMCID: PMC2674936

Serratiopeptidase: Insights into the therapeutic applications
Swati B.Jadhava, Neha Shahb, Ankit Rathiac, Vic Rathiac, Abhijit Rathia. Biotechnology Reports. Volume 28, December 2020, e00544​

Immune activation and suppression by group B streptococcus in a murine model of urinary tract infection
Kline, K. A., Schwartz, D. J., Lewis, W. G., Hultgren, S. J., & Lewis, A. L. (2011). Infection and immunity, 79(9), 3588–3595. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00122-11

Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Late-Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Karampatsas K, Davies H, Mynarek M, Andrews N, Heath PT, Le Doare K. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 11:ciac206. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac206. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35275986.

​Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

​Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization and Disease among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study
Edwards, J. M., Watson, N., Focht, C., Wynn, C., Todd, C. A., Walter, E. B., Heine, R. P., & Swamy, G. K. (2019). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2019, 5430493. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5430493

​Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Infections in a Pregnant Adolescent Population
Akoh, C. C., Pressman, E. K., Cooper, E., Queenan, R. A., Pillittere, J., & O'Brien, K. O. (2017). Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 30(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.001

​Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimation of odds ratios by critical literature review.
Benitz WE, Gould JB, Druzin ML. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun;103(6):e77.

43: Effect of obesity on maternal and neonatal penicillin levels in women with Group B Streptococcus
Jennifer McCoy, Michal A. Elovitz, Hope Pappas, Nathanael C. Koepler, Mary D. Sammel, Lisa D. Levine. VOLUME 222, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S36-S37, JANUARY 01, 2020​ DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.059

Obesity Impacts Intrapartum Penicillin Dose for Group B Strep
Molly Walker, Associate Editor, MedPage Today February 9, 2020

Association Between Maternal Obesity and Group B Streptococcus Colonization in a National U.S. Cohort
Venkatesh KK, Vladutiu CJ, Strauss RA, Thorp JM, Stringer JSA, Stamilio DM, Hughes BL, Dotters-Katz S. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020 Dec;29(12):1507-1512. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8139. Epub 2020 May 4. PMID: 32364822; PMCID: PMC7757598.

Maternal obesity and the risk of group B streptococcal colonisation in pregnant women
Manzanares S, Zamorano M, Naveiro-Fuentes M, Pineda A, Rodríguez-Granger J, Puertas A. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019 Jul;39(5):628-632. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1552670. Epub 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30932731.

Maternal Obesity and Rectovaginal Group B Streptococcus Colonization at Term
Kleweis, S. M., Cahill, A. G., Odibo, A. O., & Tuuli, M. G. (2015). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2015, 586767. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/586767

NO ASSOCIATION
Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Colonization and Potential for Transmission by Casual Contact in Healthy Young Men and Women. 
Shannon D. Manning, Katie Neighbors, Patricia A. Tallman, Brenda Gillespie, Carl F. Marrs, Stephanie M. Borchardt, Carol J. Baker, Mark D. Pearlman, Betsy Foxman. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 39, Issue 3, 1 August 2004, Pages 380–388, https://doi.org/10.1086/422321.
"... tampon use, or genital washing before or after sex were not associated with any GBS colonization."

ASSOCIATION OR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION
Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Male and Nonpregnant Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study
Sandra J. Bliss, Shannon D. Manning, Patricia Tallman, Carol J. Baker, Mark D. Pearlman, Carl F. Marrs, Betsy Foxman
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 34, Issue 2, 15 January 2002, Pages 184–190, https://doi.org/10.1086/338258
​"The crude association of tampon use with GBS (OR, 5.7) was statistically significant, but the sample size was too small to effectively control for confounding variables and to maintain statistical significance. Because tampon use is associated with colonization with other gram-positive organisms, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, it is possible that tampons facilitate GBS carriage."

Several factors influencing the colonization of group B streptococci--rectum probably the main reservoir
K Persson, B Bjerre, H Hansson, A Forsgren. Scand J Infect Dis. 1981;13(3):171-5. DOI: 10.3109/inf.1981.13.issue-3.03.
"The colonization rate of group B streptococci was also studied in 271 women using sanitary tampons and 129 women using sanitary towel. Those using tampons were significantly more often colonized." ​

Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women
Ramos, E., Gaudier, F. L., Hearing, L. R., Del Valle, G. O., Jenkins, S., & Briones, D. (1997). Obstetrics and gynecology, 89(2), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00489-9

20 million pregnant women with group B streptococcus carriage: consequences, challenges, and opportunities for prevention
Paul, P., Gonçalves, B. P., Le Doare, K., & Lawn, J. E. (2023). Current opinion in pediatrics, 35(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001223

​Diagnostic Performance of Various Methodologies for Group B Streptococcus Screening in Pregnant Woman in China
Gao, K., Deng, Q., Huang, L., Chang, C. Y., Zhong, H., Xie, Y., Guan, X., & Liu, H. (2021). Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 651968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.651968

Differences in maternal group B Streptococcus screening rates in Latin American countries
HogenEsch, E., De Mucio, B., Haddad, L. B., Vilajeliu, A., Ropero, A. M., Yildirim, I., & Omer, S. B. (2021). Vaccine, 39 Suppl 2, B3–B11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.082

​While waiting for a vaccine: opportunities for optimization of neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease prevention in Israel.
Waisman D, Gover A, Molad M, Kedar R, Rotschild A, Benitz WE. J Perinatol. 2019 Feb;39(2):331-338. doi: 10.1038/s41372-018-0289-2. Epub 2018 Dec 11. PMID: 30538325.

​