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The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Buss, C., & Lu, M. C. (2011). The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations. Clinics in Perinatology, 38(3), 351–384. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2011.06.007 Garlic for yeast infection cure – benefits vs. side effects experts review
Quasi Experiment of Prenatal Probiotics Against Group B Streptococcus Colonization Hanson L, Vandevusse L, Duster M, Warrack S, Safdar N. Feasibility of oral prenatal probiotics against maternal group B Streptococcus vaginal and rectal colonization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014 May-Jun;43(3):294-304. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12308. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
intrapartum treatment for penicillin allergic patients
Intrapartum group B streptococci prophylaxis in patients reporting a penicillin allergy. (abstract) Matteson KA, Lievense SP, Catanzaro B, Phipps MG. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, the Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA. 1: Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Feb;111(2 Pt 1):356-64.
Intrapartum Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis Policies for the Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review Le Doare, K., O'Driscoll, M., Turner, K., Seedat, F., Russell, N. J., Seale, A. C., Heath, P. T., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Cutland, C., Gravett, M. G., Ip, M., Madhi, S. A., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Vekemans, J., Kampmann, B., … GBS Intrapartum Antibiotic Investigator Group (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S143–S151. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix654
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement Pediatrics Vol. 129 No. 3 March 1, 2012, pp e827-e841 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3552)
Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission. (abstract) Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A, Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350. kotiw@usq.edu.au. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):251-6. Epub 2003 Apr 14.
Breast milk transmission of group B streptococcal infection. (abstract) Dinger J, Müller D, Pargac N, Schwarze R., Clinic of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Germany. DINGER@ukd80.med.tu-dresden.de Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Jun;21(6):567-8.Source
Quasi Experiment of Prenatal Probiotics Against Group B Streptococcus Colonization Hanson L, Vandevusse L, Duster M, Warrack S, Safdar N. Feasibility of oral prenatal probiotics against maternal group B Streptococcus vaginal and rectal colonization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014 May-Jun;43(3):294-304. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12308. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
Factors associated with intrapartum transmission of group B Streptococcus. Berardi A et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Dec;33(12):1211-5. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000439. “Heavy maternal colonization, intrapartum fever, African ethnicity and lack of IAP exposure were associated with GBS transmission in neonates born to women who were tested positive on admission. Low rates of NC were found among IAP-exposed neonates irrespective of IAP duration.”
Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli colonization in pregnant women and neonates in Lithuania. (abstract) Barcaite E, Bartusevicius A, Tameliene R, Maleckiene L, Vitkauskiene A, Nadisauskiene R. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;117(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.016. Epub 2012 Jan 20. “Maternal and neonatal GBS colonization rates, serotypes, and susceptibility to antibiotics were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Population-based data regarding early-onset neonatal infection rates will enable the formulation of a prevention program for early-onset GBS disease in Lithuania.”
Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women Ramos, E., Gaudier, F. L., Hearing, L. R., Del Valle, G. O., Jenkins, S., & Briones, D. (1997). Obstetrics and gynecology, 89(2), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00489-9
Group B streptococcal colonization in elderly women Baldan, Rossella & Droz, Sara & Casanova, Carlo & Knabben, Laura & Huang, Dorothy & Brülisauer, Christine & Kind, André & Krause, Elke & Mauerer, Stefanie & Spellerberg, Barbara & Sendi, Parham. (2021). BMC Infectious Diseases. 21. 10.1186/s12879-021-06102-x.
Genomic analysis of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant women in northeastern Mexico Palacios-Saucedo, G. D. C., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Caballero-Trejo, A., Mellado-García, M. C., Flores-Flores, A. S., González-Navarro, J. A., Herrera-Rivera, C. G., Osuna-Rosales, L. E., Hernández-González, J. A., Vázquez-Juárez, R., Barrón-Enríquez, C., Valladares-Trujillo, R., Treviño-Baez, J. D., Alonso-Téllez, C. A., Ramírez-Calvillo, L. D., Cerda-Flores, R. M., Ortiz-López, R., Rivera-Alvarado, M. Á., Solórzano-Santos, F., … Rodríguez-Padilla, C. (2022). PloS one, 17(3), e0264273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264273
[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview] Palacios-Saucedo, G. C., Hernández-Hernández, T. I., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Briones-Lara, E., Caballero-Trejo, A., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Amador-Patiño, G. I., García-Cabello, R., Solórzano-Santos, F., & Rodríguez-Padillacs, C. (2017). Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 153(3), 361–370.
Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease among Infants, China Ji, W., Liu, H., Madhi, S. A., Cunnington, M., Zhang, Z., Dangor, Z., Zhou, H., Mu, X., Jin, Z., Wang, A., Qin, X., Gao, C., Zhu, Y., Feng, X., She, S., Yang, S., Liu, J., Lei, J., Jiang, L., Liu, Z., … Fang, Y. (2019). Emerging infectious diseases, 25(11), 2021–2030. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2511.181647
LITHUANIA Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli colonization in pregnant women and neonates in Lithuania. (abstract) Barcaite E, Bartusevicius A, Tameliene R, Maleckiene L, Vitkauskiene A, Nadisauskiene R. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;117(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.016. Epub 2012 Jan 20. “Maternal and neonatal GBS colonization rates, serotypes, and susceptibility to antibiotics were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Population-based data regarding early-onset neonatal infection rates will enable the formulation of a prevention program for early-onset GBS disease in Lithuania.”
Uncertainties in Screening and Prevention of Group B Streptococcus Disease Le Doare, K., Heath, P. T., Plumb, J., Owen, N. A., Brocklehurst, P., & Chappell, L. C. (2019). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 69(4), 720–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1069
[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview] Palacios-Saucedo, G. C., Hernández-Hernández, T. I., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Briones-Lara, E., Caballero-Trejo, A., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Amador-Patiño, G. I., García-Cabello, R., Solórzano-Santos, F., & Rodríguez-Padillacs, C. (2017). Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 153(3), 361–370.
Intrapartum Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis Policies for the Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review Le Doare, K., O'Driscoll, M., Turner, K., Seedat, F., Russell, N. J., Seale, A. C., Heath, P. T., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Cutland, C., Gravett, M. G., Ip, M., Madhi, S. A., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Vekemans, J., Kampmann, B., … GBS Intrapartum Antibiotic Investigator Group (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S143–S151. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix654
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Women who report Decreased Fetal Movements Preston S, Mahomed K, Chadha Y, Flenady V, Gardener G, MacPhail J, Conway L, Koopmans L, Stacey T, Heazell A, Fretts R and Frøen F for the Fetal Movement Study Group and the international FEMINA collaboration. Clinical practice guideline for the management of women who report decreased fetal movements. Brisbane, March 2010.
Group B streptococcus incidence rises significantly among newborns despite widespread adoption of prevention initiatives. The Lancet. “Group B streptococcus incidence rises significantly among newborns despite widespread adoption of prevention initiatives.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 20 October 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141020090138.htm>. “Group B streptococcus, a major cause of serious infectious diseases including sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia, has increased by about 60% among infants younger than 3 months in the Netherlands over the past 25 years despite the widespread use of prevention strategies, new research has found.”
Group B streptococcal disease in infants aged younger than 3 months: systematic review and meta-analysis (abstract) Dr Karen M Edmond PhD, Christina Kortsalioudaki MBBS, Susana Scott PhD, Stephanie J Schrag DPhil, Prof Anita KM, Zaidi MBBS, Prof Simon Cousens DipMathStat, Prof Paul T Heath MBBS [Hons]. The Lancet, Volume 379, Issue 9815, Pages 547 -556, 11 February 2012, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61651-6. “Despite widespread use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, group B streptococcus remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. However, estimates of disease burden in many countries outside of these regions is not available. We aimed to examine the current global burden of invasive disease and the serotype distribution of group B streptococcus isolates.”
Evaluation of Universal Antenatal Screening for Group B Streptococcus Van Dyke et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 2009; 360:2626-2636 June 18, 2009 This paper analyzes the implementation and impact of the universal screening recommendations on provider methods and the incidence of GBS disease. It highlights the positive impact of universal screening and also identifies areas that need continued improvement.
Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses Seale, A. C., Blencowe, H., Bianchi-Jassir, F., Embleton, N., Bassat, Q., Ordi, J., Menéndez, C., Cutland, C., Briner, C., Berkley, J. A., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Gravett, M. G., Heath, P. T., Ip, M., Le Doare, K., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., … Madhi, S. A. (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S125–S132. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix585
The role of infection in miscarriage Giakoumelou, S., Wheelhouse, N., Cuschieri, K., Entrican, G., Howie, S. E., & Horne, A. W. (2016). Human reproduction update, 22(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv041
A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury. Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2015 Apr;7(4):488-505. Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus. Tudela CM, Stewart RD, Roberts SW, Wendel GD Jr, Stafford IA, McIntire DD, Sheffield JS. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;119(3):626-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824532f6. “We believe that these findings are compelling evidence that fetuses with early-onset GBS may have signs of sepsis peripartum. We hypothesize that these data support the concept that early-onset GBS represents a spectrum of infection that often precedes birth.”
Genetic risk factor for premature birth found. University of California, San Diego Health Sciences. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 May 2014. “Researchers have discovered a genetic risk factor for premature birth. The risk factor is related to a gene that codes for a protein that the scientists have found helps the body’s immune cells recognize and fight Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria. These bacteria are found in the vagina or lower gastrointestinal tract of approximately 15 to 20 percent of healthy women, but may cause life-threatening infections, such as sepsis or meningitis in newborns, especially those born prematurely.”
Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Newborn BS Apgar, MD, MS; G Greenberg, MD, MA; and G YEN, MD American Family Physician, March 1 2005 “Compared with infants born to lightly colonized women, those born to heavily colonized women have 2.5 times the risk of infection. Neonates born to mothers who have GBS bacteriuria at any time during pregnancy are known to be more frequently and more heavily colonized with GBS and are more likely to develop sepsis. Infections that occur in the first two days of life usually are caused by exposure to maternal organisms. Risk factors for neonatal transmission and infection are listed in Table 1. Compared with term newborns, preterm and low-birth-weight infants have increased rates of GBS sepsis.”
Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201
Factors Associated with Intrapartum Transmission of Group B Streptococcus. (abstract) Berardi et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Jul 16. “Heavy maternal colonization, intrapartum fever, African ethnicity and lack of IAP exposure were associated with GBS transmission in neonates born to women who tested positive on admission. Low rates of NC were found among IAP exposed neonates irrespective of IAP duration.”
Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus. (abstract) Tudela et al. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9032, USA. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;119(3):626-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824532f6.
Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease: 2003–2010 (Full Article) Alberto Berardi, MD,a Cecilia Rossi, MD,a Licia Lugli, MD,a Roberta Creti, PhD,b et. all, American Academy of Pediatrics Vol. 131 No. 2 February 1, 2013 pp. e361 -e368 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1231)
Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission.(abstract) Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A, Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350. kotiw@usq.edu.au Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):251-6. Epub 2003 Apr 14.
Group B Streptococcal Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years Karen M Puopolo, MD, PhD, Sagori Mukhopadhyay, MD, MMSc, Nellie I Hansen, MPH, Dustin D Flannery, DO, MSCE, Rachel G Greenberg, MD, MB, MHS, Pablo J Sanchez, MD, Edward F Bell, MD, Sara B DeMauro, MD, MSCE, Myra H Wyckoff, MD, Eric C Eichenwald, MD, Barbara J Stoll, MD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022;, ciac222, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac222
Using intuitive knowledge in the neonatal intensive care nursery. Schraeder BD, Fischer DK, Hol Nurs Pract, 1987. 1(3): 45-51 (Link currently unavailable)
How expert nurses use intuition. (Link currently unavailable) Benner P., Tanner C.A. AJN 1987 87(1), 23-31.
The Myth of the Vaginal Exam Website article at About.com by Robin Elise Weiss, LCCE. (2019) “Vaginal exams can increase the risks of infection, even when done carefully and with sterile gloves, etc. It pushes the normal bacteria found in the vagina upwards towards the cervix. There is also increased risk of rupturing the membranes.”
Is meconium passage a risk factor for maternal infection in term pregnancies? (abstract) Jazayeri A, Jazayeri MK, Sahinler M, Sincich T. Obstet Gynecol. 99(4):548-52. 2002. “Meconium passage increases the risk of postpartum endometritis but not chorioamnionitis. Length of labor, internal monitoring, and number of vaginal exams are risk factors for chorioamnionitis.“
Cervical Manipulations Linked to Perinatal Sepsis: Consider GBS-specific Chemoprophylaxis (Eight Case Reports) Kathryn DeMott. OB/GYN News, Oct 15, 2001. “Obstetricians may want to reconsider doing elective cervical manipulation, at least on patients who have cervical vaginal infection or colonization with potential perinatal pathogens. They may also want to consider providing GBS-specific chemoprophylaxis before membrane stripping.” The microbiologic effect of digital cervical examination. (abstract) Imseis HM, Trout WC, Gabbe SG. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 180(3 Pt 1):578-80. 1999. “An immediate effect of digital examination is the introduction of vaginal organisms into the cervical canal.“
Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intraamniotic infection. (abstract) Riggs JW, Blanco JD. Semin Perinatol. 22(4):251-9. 1998. “There is no clearly established means for the prevention of IAI, but cervical examinations and cervical manipulation can increase the risk, so caution with their use is still warranted.”
Characterization and control of intraamniotic infection in an urban teaching hospital. (abstract) Soper DE, Mayhall CG, Froggatt JW. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 175(2):304-9; discussion 309-10. 1996. “Risk factors (duration of ruptured membranes, use of internal monitoring, number of vaginal examinations) were similar in both term and preterm women with intraamniotic infection.”
Is meconium passage a risk factor for maternal infection in term pregnancies? (abstract) Jazayeri A, Jazayeri MK, Sahinler M, Sincich T. Obstet Gynecol. 99(4):548-52. 2002. “Meconium passage increases the risk of postpartum endometritis but not chorioamnionitis. Length of labor, internal monitoring, and number of vaginal exams are risk factors for chorioamnionitis.”
Previous intra-amniotic infection as a risk factor for subsequent peripartal uterine infections. (abstract) Dinsmoor MJ, Gibbs RS. Obstet Gynecol. 74(3 Pt 1):299-301. 1989. “Those patients who did develop recurrent intra-amniotic infection had significantly longer labors, duration of ruptured membranes, and duration of internal monitoring, and an increased number of vaginal examinations.“
Risk factors for intraamniotic infection: a prospective epidemiologic study. (abstract) Soper DE, Mayhall CG, Dalton HP. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 161(3):562-6; discussion 566-8. 1989. “The clinical diagnosis of intraamniotic infection was made in (10.5%) patients. Patients with intraamniotic infection were younger, of lower gravidity and parity, more likely to require oxytocin augmentation, and more likely to be monitored internally than were patients who were not infected. They also had longer durations of labor, ruptured membranes, and hospitalization before delivery, had significantly more vaginal examinations, and were more likely to be delivered of infants by cesarean section, as compared with patients without infection. Logistic regression analysis identified four variables independently associated with intraamniotic infection: the number of vaginal examinations, duration of ruptured membranes, use of internal monitors, and duration of total labor.“ Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intra-amniotic infection. (abstract) Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Apr;73(4):571-5. “…among patients meeting risk criteria, parity, duration of internal monitoring, and duration of membrane rupture were the significant risk factors for intra-amniotic infection.“
Methods of induction of labour: a systematic review. (abstract) Mozurkewich EL, Chilimigras JL, Berman DR, Perni UC, Romero VC, King VJ, Keeton KL. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011 Oct 27;11:84. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-84.
Maternal colonization with Group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: The role of induction in labor. (abstract) Hannah, Mary E. MD,CM, et. al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177:780-785. 1997. “RESULTS: Group B streptococci were predictive of neonatal infection for the induction with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and expectant groups but not for the induction with oxytocin group. For women positive for group B streptococci the rates of neonatal infection were 2.5% for the induction with oxytocin group and > 8% for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin may be preferable for group B streptococci-positive women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.”
Group B Streptococcus.(abstract) Anne Schuchat MD. The Lancet; 353: 51-6. 1999 “Birth practices differ substantially around the world, and home births and less invasive procedures during hospital births might limit the risk of GBS sepsis in the newborn.”
Maternal colonization with Group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: The role of induction in labor. (abstract) Hannah, Mary E. MD,CM, et. al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177:780-785. 1997. “RESULTS: Group B streptococci were predictive of neonatal infection for the induction with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and expectant groups but not for the induction with oxytocin group. For women positive for group B streptococci the rates of neonatal infection were 2.5% for the induction with oxytocin group and > 8% for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin may be preferable for group B streptococci-positive women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.”
Group B Strep: A Patient/Provider Approach for Optimizing Care James McGregor, MDCM “Research has been done showing that both labor contractions and manual or digital examinations by care providers can actually move infectious vaginal fluid through the mouth of the womb.”
Streptococcus Group B Hanna M, Noor A. [Updated 2023 Jan 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/
The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome. (abstract) Kjersti Aagaard et al. Sci Transl Med. 21 May 2014: Vol. 6, Issue 237, p. 237ra65 Sci. Transl. Med. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599″>10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599 Study Sees Bigger Role for Placenta in Newborns’ Health Denise Grady. New York Times, May 21, 2014 “A study led by Dr. Kjersti Aagaard found that the placenta has its own microbiome that may help shape the health of an infant.”
Dr. Harvey Kliman, working with his father, mathematician Merwin Kliman, has developed a technique to measure Estimated Placental Volume (EPV) during pregnancy. This information has the potential to improve patients' prenatal care and pregnancy outcomes, as small placentas can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, and in severe cases, even intrauterine fetal demise. View Resources
PLACENTAL TRIAGE & PATHOLOGY
placental triage & pathology
Placental Triage 101 (website) “Placental triage is the standardized, thorough gross examination of the placenta in the delivery room, to identify abnormal placentas to send to surgical pathology for complete gross and microscopic examination and to save the normal placentas for 7 days, refrigerated, until the condition of the infant and mother are stabilized, with documentation in the medical record of the examination findings. Despite the long description, once well practiced, placental triage only takes a couple of minutes.” The role of the placenta in feto-neonatal infections. (abstract) Spinillo A, Iacobone AD, Calvino IG, Alberi I, Gardella B. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar;90 Suppl 1:S7-9. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(14)70003-9. “…certain placental reaction patterns may identify and estimate the risk for specific perinatal complications in infants.”
Group B Streptococcal Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years Karen M Puopolo, MD, PhD, Sagori Mukhopadhyay, MD, MMSc, Nellie I Hansen, MPH, Dustin D Flannery, DO, MSCE, Rachel G Greenberg, MD, MB, MHS, Pablo J Sanchez, MD, Edward F Bell, MD, Sara B DeMauro, MD, MSCE, Myra H Wyckoff, MD, Eric C Eichenwald, MD, Barbara J Stoll, MD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022;, ciac222, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac222
Impact of Communication in Healthcare “Extensive research has shown that no matter how knowledgeable a clinician might be, if he or she is not able to open good communication with the patient, he or she may be of no help.”
Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201
Obstetric providers: Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns. This June 2019 Committee Opinion from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)’s replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201
Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women Ramos, E., Gaudier, F. L., Hearing, L. R., Del Valle, G. O., Jenkins, S., & Briones, D. (1997). Obstetrics and gynecology, 89(2), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00489-9