Systematic Review of Case Reports of Poor Neonatal Outcomes With Water Immersion During Labor and Birth
Vanderlaan, Jennifer PhD, MPH, CNM; Hall, Priscilla PhD, CNM. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 34(4):p 311-323, October/December 2020. | DOI: 10.1097/JPN.0000000000000515 

Survey of Obstetric Providers to Assess Knowledge and Management of a Reported Penicillin Allergy in Pregnant Women
Jennifer J. Cate, Martina Burn, Jason Kwah, Jane Liao, Jessica L Illuzzi, Uma M. Reddy, Moeun Son. Survey of Managing Reported Penicillin Allergy in Pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. DOI: 10.1055/a-1877-9970

​Prophylaxis Against Early-onset Group B Streptococcus Infections in Pregnant Women Who Are Allergic to Penicillin
Nadeau HCG, Edwards RK. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Dec;62(4):771-780. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000455.

​Management of Persons Who Have a History of Penicillin Allergy​
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2010

A cohort study of intrapartum group B streptococcus prophylaxis on atopic dermatitis in 2-year-old children
Hong, Z., Jing, R., Hui, L. et al. BMC Pediatr 22, 693 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03758-5

Association between maternal antibiotic exposure and collateral effects related to microbiome changes in young children: A systematic review (poster) 
Rita W.Y. Ng, Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte, Priyanga Dharmaratne, Margaret Ip. Conference: Microbiome Interactions in Health and Disease (24–26 October 2022 Wellcome Genome Campus, UK)

Effects of Intrapartum Penicillin Prophylaxis on Intestinal Bacterial Colonization in Infants.
Françoise Jauréguy et al. J Clin Microbiol. Nov 2004; 42(11): 5184–5188.

Efficacy of intramuscular penicillin in the eradication of group B streptococcal colonization at delivery. (abstract)
Pinette MG, Thayer K, Wax JR, Blackstone J, Cartin A. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005 May; 17(5):333-5.

Late third-trimester treatment of rectovaginal group B streptococci with benzathine penicillin G. (abstract)
Bland ML, Vermillion ST, Soper DE. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Aug;183(2):372-6.
​
Persistence of penicillin G benzathine in pregnant group B streptococcus carriers. (abstract)
Weeks JW, Myers SR, Lasher L, Goldsmith J, Watkins C, Gall SA. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Aug;90(2):240-3.

Antibiotic Elimination of Group-B Streptococci in Urine in Prevention of Preterm Labour (abstract)
AC Thomsen, L Morup, KB Hansen. The Lancet, 1(8533):591-593, 1987.

Antibiotic Management of Miscarriages Associated with Group B Streptococcus Genital Tract Infection
​Attila Toth, MD. Clinical Associate Professor, New York Hospital – Presbyterian Medical Center. Case Reports. 

A case of penicillin-resistant group B Streptococcus isolated from a patient in the UK
E McGuire, D Ready, N Ellaby, I Potterill, R Pike, K L Hopkins, R L Guy, T Lamagni, D Mack, A Scobie, S Warren, C S Brown, J Coelho, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2024;, dkae419, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkae419

The landscape of antimicrobial resistance in the neonatal and multi-host pathogen group B Streptococcus: review from a One Health perspective
Oliveira, L. M. A., Simões, L. C., Costa, N. S., Zadoks, R. N., & Pinto, T. C. A. (2022). Frontiers in microbiology, 13, 943413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.943413

Analysis of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in group B streptococcus from clinical samples
Mudzana, R., Mavenyengwa, R.T. & Gudza-Mugabe, M. BMC Infect Dis 21, 125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05820-6

Intrapartum Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis Policies for the Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review
Le Doare, K., O'Driscoll, M., Turner, K., Seedat, F., Russell, N. J., Seale, A. C., Heath, P. T., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Cutland, C., Gravett, M. G., Ip, M., Madhi, S. A., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Vekemans, J., Kampmann, B., … GBS Intrapartum Antibiotic Investigator Group (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S143–S151. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix654

How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review Note: Not specific to group B strep (streptococcus agalactiae)
Axel Kramer, Ingeborg Schwebke, and Günter Kampf. BMC Infectious Diseases 2006, 6:130 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
​
Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic. (abstract)
Neely AN, Maley MP. J Clin Microbiol.  2000 Feb;38(2):724-6.

Breastfeeding Tied to Big Reduction in Infant Deaths
HealthDay, August 2, 2023

Associations Between Breastfeeding and Post-perinatal Infant Deaths in the U.S.
Julie L Ware et al. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, May 21, 2023.
​
Breastfeeding as a Tool that Empowers Infant Immunity Through Maternal Vaccination
Saad Musbah Alasil and Prameela Kannan Kutty. 16 February 2015. Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination 2015, 6:2

Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity
Andreas NJ, Kampmann B, Mehring Le-Doare K. Early Hum Dev. 2015 Nov;91(11):629-35. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013. Epub 2015 Sep 12. PMID: 26375355.

Mother’s Milk Still Best-and We Must Do Better. (abstract)
Sarasa, NL. MEDICC Rev. 2013 Jan;15(1):48.

The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease.
Fernández L, Langa S, Martín V, Maldonado A, Jiménez E, Martín R, Rodríguez JM. Pharmacol Res. 2013 Mar;69(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.001. Epub 2012 Sep 10.

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement
Pediatrics Vol. 129 No. 3 March 1, 2012, pp e827-e841 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3552)

The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding.
SurgeonGeneral.gov. 20 Jan. 2011. 

Breastfeeding Provides Passive and Likely Long-Lasting Active Immunity
Lars A Hanson, Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Volume 81, Issue 6, December 1998, Pages 523-534, 537

Isotype composition of antibodies to streptococcus group B type III polysaccharide and to tetanus toxoid in maternal, cord blood sera and in breast milk (abstract)
Lagergard T, Thiringer K, Wassen L, Schneerson R, Trollfors B., Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Eur J Pediatr. 1992 Feb;151(2):98-102.
​
Immunoglobulin concentrations and bacterial antibody titres in breast milk from mothers of ‘preterm’ and ‘term’ infants (abstract)
Suzuki S, Lucas A, Lucas PJ, Coombs RR.  Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 Sep;72(5):671-7.

The Association Between Breast Milk Group B Streptococcal Capsular Antibody Levels and Late-onset Disease in Young Infants
Ziyaad Dangor, Mahtaab Khan, Gaurav Kwatra, Alane Izu, Firdose Nakwa, Tanusha Ramdin, Joy Fredericks, Sanjay G Lala, Shabir A Madhi, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 70, Issue 6, 15 March 2020, Pages 1110–1114, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz360

A Solution to Antifolate Resistance in Group B Streptococcus : Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies Human Milk Oligosaccharide-Induced Perturbations That Result in Potentiation of Trimethoprim.
Chambers, Schuyler & Moore, Rebecca & Craft, Kelly & Thomas, Harrison & Das, Rishub & Manning, Shannon & Codreanu, Simona & Sherrod, Stacy & Aronoff, David & Mclean, John & Gaddy, Jennifer & Townsend, Steven. (2020). mBio. 11. 10.1128/mBio.00076-20. ​

Role of human milk in oligosaccharides in Group B Streptococcus colonisation. 
Andreas NJ., Al-Khalidi A., Jaiteh M., et al. Clinical and Translational Immunology. 26 Aug, 2016. 5, e99. 

​Long-term impact of breastmilk on preterm babies. 
Orvos JM., Hester M. Contemporary OB/GYN Expert Advice for Today's Ob/Gyn. 29, Jun. 2016. 

Breastfeeding and Risk of Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease.
Ching NS, Buttery JP, Lai E, Steer AC, Standish J, Ziffer J, Daley AJ, Doherty R. Pediatrics. 2021 Sep;148(3):e2020049561. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-049561. Epub 2021 Aug 12. PMID: 34385351.

Group B streptococcus late-onset disease, contaminated breast milk and mothers persistently GBS negative: report of 3 cases
Nicolini, G., Borellini, M., Loizzo, V., Creti, R., Memo, L., & Berardi, A. (2018). BMC pediatrics, 18(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1192-x

Late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with breast milk transmission: molecular typing using RAPD-PCR. 
Brandolini M., Corbella M., Cambieri P., et al. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar; 90 Suppl 1:S84-6.

Breast milk and Group B streptococcal infection: vector of transmission or vehicle for protection? 
Le Doare K, Kampmann B.
Vaccine. 2014 May 30;32(26):3128-32. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.020. Epub 2014 Apr 13.

Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease: 2003–2010. (here in .pdf format: )
Berardi A, Rossi C, Lugli L, Creti R, et al. Pediatrics. February 2013/Issue 2.

Group B streptococcal colonization in 160 mother-baby pairs: a prospective cohort study. (abstract)
Berardi A, Rossi C, Creti R, China M, Gherardi G, Venturelli C, Rumpianesi F, Ferrari F.
J Pediatr. 2013 Oct;163(4):1099-104.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.064. Epub 2013 Jul 15.

Group B streptococcus colonization of breast milk of group B streptococcus positive mothers. (abstract)
Burianová I, Paulová M, Cermák P, Janota J.
J Hum Lact. 2013 Nov;29(4):586-90. doi: 10.1177/0890334413479448. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
​
To feed or not to feed? Case presentation and best practice guidance for human milk feeding and group B streptococcus in developed countries. (abstract)
Davanzo R, De Cunto A, Travan L, Bacolla G, Creti R, Demarini S.
J Hum Lact. 2013 Nov;29(4):452-7. doi: 10.1177/0890334413480427. Epub 2013 Mar 18.

Late-onset group B streptococcal disease by infected mother’s milk detected by polymerase chain reaction. (abstract) (.pdf version)
Lanari M, Serra L, Cavrini F, Liguori G, Sambri V.,Department of Paediatrics, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital, Imola, Italy. New Microbiol. 2007 Jul;30(3):253-4.

Recurrent neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk.
Wang LY, Chen CT, Liu WH, Wang YH. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jul;46(6):547-9.
​
Neonatal group B streptococcal infection related to breast milk. (abstract with link to full text as a PDF)
Byrne PA, Miller C, Justus K, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saint Charles Mercy Hospital, Oregon, Ohio 43616, USA. [email protected] <[email protected]> Breastfed Med, 2006 Winter;1(4):263-70.

Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission. (abstract)
Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A,  Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350. [email protected]. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):251-6. Epub 2003 Apr 14.

Breast milk transmission of group B streptococcal infection. (abstract)
Dinger J, Müller D, Pargac N, Schwarze R., Clinic of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Germany. [email protected] Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Jun;21(6):567-8.Source

Neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk.
Olvera WJ., Bondb DW., Boswellc TC., et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2000; 83:F48-F49.

Diseases and Conditions.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

#26: Investigating CMV Pathogenesis and Breast Milk Transmission In Premature Infants Who Acquire Symptomatic CMV Viremia
Katelyn Parsons, Erin Osterholm, Nelmary Hernandez-Alvarado, Lulua Webo, Katherine Bodin, Mark Blackstadt, Mark R Schleiss, Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Volume 10, Issue Supplement_2, June 2021, Page S10, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.021

Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns
Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, Oluwalana C, Lette K, West P, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec;23(12):974-979. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 3.
​
Flu May Transmit Through Breast Milk, Study Shows.
Nick Staropoli. American Council on Science and Health. 8 Oct. 2015.

Quasi Experiment of Prenatal Probiotics Against Group B Streptococcus Colonization
Hanson L, Vandevusse L, Duster M, Warrack S, Safdar N. Feasibility of oral prenatal probiotics against maternal group B Streptococcus vaginal and rectal colonization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014 May-Jun;43(3):294-304. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12308. Epub 2014 Apr 22.

​Oral Probiotics Reduce Group B Streptococci Colonization in Pregnant Women.
Sponsored by China Medical University Hospital
​
Membrane Sweeping in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Positive Patients
Keller, JM, George Washington University. May 26, 2010.

Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a three-year monocentric retrospective study during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Serra, G., Scalzo, L.L., Giordano, M. et al. Ital J Pediatr 50, 175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-024-01738-2

Population genetics of group B Streptococcus from maternal carriage in an ethnically diverse community in London
Jamrozy, D., Gopal Rao, G., Feltwell, T., Lamagni, T., Khanna, P., Efstratiou, A., Parkhill, J., & Bentley, S. D. (2023). Frontiers in microbiology, 14, 1185753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185753

​20 million pregnant women with group B streptococcus carriage: consequences, challenges, and opportunities for prevention
Paul, P., Gonçalves, B. P., Le Doare, K., & Lawn, J. E. (2023). Current opinion in pediatrics, 35(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001223

Exploring the Feasibility of Intrapartum GBS Collection to Identify Residual GBS in a Pilot Study of an Antenatal Probiotic Intervention
Malloy E, Hanson L, VandeVusse L, Robinson K, Singh M, Forgie M. Applied Microbiology. 2023; 3(3):752-763. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030052

​Inferring longitudinal patterns of group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy
Bronner P. Gonçalves, Onur Poyraz, Proma Paul, Joy E. Lawn, iScience, June 2023. 26(7), 107023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107023

Simultaneous carriage of multiple serotypes of Group B Streptococcus: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Barro, C., Salloum, M., Lim, S., Delputte, P., & Le Doare, K. (2023). Vaccine, 41(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.024

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: An Alternative for Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization in a Murine Experimental Model
Pierański MK, Kosiński JG, Szymczak K, Sadowski P, Grinholc M. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(4):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040847

Molecular Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Egyptian Women
Sarah Shabayek, Verena Vogel, Dorota Jamrozy, Stephen D. Bentley, Barbara Spellerberg. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 38.
​
Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and antibiotic resistance in China: systematic review and meta-analyses.
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Lin, M. et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 22, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-023-00553-7

Changes in Group B Streptococcus Colonization among Pregnant Women before and after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
Costa, N. S., Rio-Tinto, A., Pinto, I. B. F., Dos Santos Silva Alvim, D. C., de Assis Rocha, A., Oliveira, L. M. A., Botelho, A. C. N., Fracalanzza, S. E. L., Teixeira, L. M., Rezende-Filho, J., Marinho, P. S., Amim Júnior, J., Taylor, S., Thomas, S., & Pinto, T. C. A. (2022). Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101104

Alterations of the vaginal microbiome in healthy pregnant women positive for group B Streptococcus colonization during the third trimester.
Shabayek, S., Abdellah, A. M., Salah, M., Ramadan, M., & Fahmy, N. (2022). BMC microbiology, 22(1), 313. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02730-8

The association of Group B Streptococcus colonization with cerclage and suture material
Megan E. Trostle, Mara Black, Valeryia Avtushka, Sara G. Brubaker, Ashley S. Roman VOLUME 226, ISSUE 1,, S543-S544, JANUARY 2022. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.898

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types
Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121606

Gardnerella vaginalis promotes group B Streptococcus vaginal colonization, enabling ascending uteroplacental infection in pregnant mice
Gilbert, N. M., Foster, L. R., Cao, B., Yin, Y., Mysorekar, I. U., & Lewis, A. L. (2021). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 224(5), 530.e1–530.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.032

Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization and Ascending Infection in Pregnancy
Alyssa Brokaw, Anna Furuta, Matthew Dacanay, Lakshmi Rajagopal, and Kristina M. Adams Waldorf. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 03 September 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.720789

Group B streptococcal colonization: Prevalence and impact of smoking in women delivering term or near term neonates in a large tertiary care hospital in the southern United States
Philip Kum-Nji, et al. September 17, 2020 PLOS One, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239294

​Racial disparities in intrapartum group B Streptococcus colonization: a higher incidence of conversion in African American women
Spiel MH, Hacker MR, Haviland MJ, et al. J Perinatol. 2019;39(3):433-438. doi:10.1038/s41372-018-0308-3

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization and Disease among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study
Edwards, J. M., Watson, N., Focht, C., Wynn, C., Todd, C. A., Walter, E. B., Heine, R. P., & Swamy, G. K. (2019). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2019, 5430493. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5430493

Maternal obesity and the risk of group B streptococcal colonisation in pregnant women
Sebastian Manzanares, Miriam Zamorano, Mariña Naveiro-Fuentes, Alicia Pineda, Javier Rodríguez-Granger & Alberto Puertas (2019). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1552670

Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns.
Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, Oluwalana C, Lette K, West P, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec;23(12):974-979. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 3. PMID: 28478240; PMCID: PMC5714057.

​Low Vitamin D is Associated With Infections and Proinflammatory Cytokines During Pregnancy.
Akoh CC, Pressman EK, Cooper E, Queenan RA et al. Reprod Sci. 2018 Mar;25(3):414-423. doi: 10.1177/1933719117715124. Epub 2017 Jun 15.

Group B Streptococcal Maternal Colonization and Neonatal Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Preventative Approaches
Patras, K. A., & Nizet, V. (2018). Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00027

​Maternal group B Streptococcus recto vaginal colonization increases the odds of stillbirth: evidence from Eastern Ethiopia
Yadeta, T.A., Worku, A., Egata, G. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18, 410 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2044-2

Maternal Colonization With Group B Streptococcus and Serotype Distribution Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Neal J Russell and others, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 15 November 2017, Pages S100–S111, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix658

​Vitamin D mediates the relationship between placental cathelicidin and group B streptococcus colonization during pregnancy.
Akoh CC, Pressman EK, Whisner CM, Thomas C. et al. J Reprod Immunol. 2017 Jun;121:42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.06.001. Epub 2017 Jun 6

​Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya
Seale AC, Koech AC, Sheppard AE, et al. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(7):16067. Published 2016 May 23. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.67

Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants
Le Doare, K., Jarju, S., Darboe, S., Warburton, F., Gorringe, A., Heath, P. T., & Kampmann, B. (2016). Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants. The Journal of Infection, 72(3), 283–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.12.014

Risk factors associated with the colonization of group b streptococcus during pregnancy: preliminary results
Ribera, L. F., Cabezas, À. P., Ferrer, P. A., Guevara, M. V., Moreno, A. T., & Aparicio, M. V. C. (2015). Risk factors associated with the colonization of group b streptococcus during pregnancy: preliminary results. BMC Nursing, 14(Suppl 1), S5. http://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-14-S1-S5

Maternal colonization of group B streptococcus: prevalence, associated factors and antimicrobial resistance.
Khan, M. A., Faiz, A., & Ashshi, A. M. (2015). Annals of Saudi medicine, 35(6), 423–427. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2015.423

​Maternal Obesity and Rectovaginal Group B Streptococcus Colonization at Term
Kleweis, S. M., Cahill, A. G., Odibo, A. O., & Tuuli, M. G. (2015). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2015, 586767. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/586767

The Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Iranian Pregnant Women and Its Subsequent Outcome.
Shirazi M., Abbariki E., Hafizi A., et al. Int J Fertil Steril. 2014 Jan-Mar; 7(4): 267-270.

Factors associated with intrapartum transmission of group B Streptococcus.
Berardi A et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Dec;33(12):1211-5. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000439.
“Heavy maternal colonization, intrapartum fever, African ethnicity and lack of IAP exposure were associated with GBS transmission in neonates born to women who were tested positive on admission. Low rates of NC were found among IAP-exposed neonates irrespective of IAP duration.”

Interaction of Streptococcus agalactiae and Cellular Innate Immunity in Colonization and Disease.
Sybille Landwehr-Kenzel and Philipp Henneke Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 519.

Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonization in subsequent pregnancies of group B Streptococcus-colonized versus noncolonized women.
Page-Ramsey SM, Johnstone SK, Kim D, Ramsey PS. Am J Perinatol. 2013;30(5):383‐388. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1326981

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in 160 Mother-Baby Pairs: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Berardi A., Rossi C., Creti R., et al. The Journal of Pediatrics. Oct, 2013. Volume 163, Issue 4, Pages 1099-1104. e1. 

Incidence of maternal GBS colonization and neonatal GBS disease among Very Low Birth Weight Polish neonates.
Monika Brzychczy-Wloch, Jadwiga Wojkowska-Mach,Ewa Helwich, and Piotr B. Heczko Med Sci Monit. 2013; 19: 34–39.

Recolonization of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in women with prior GBS genital colonization in pregnancy. (abstract)
Tam T, Bilinski E, Lombard E. 
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1987-9. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.670331. Epub 2012 Apr 2.
“…patients with a history of GBS are at a significantly higher risk of GBS recolonization in subsequent pregnancies.”

Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli colonization in pregnant women and neonates in Lithuania. (abstract)
Barcaite E, Bartusevicius A, Tameliene R, Maleckiene L, Vitkauskiene A, Nadisauskiene R.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;117(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.016. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
“Maternal and neonatal GBS colonization rates, serotypes, and susceptibility to antibiotics were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Population-based data regarding early-onset neonatal infection rates will enable the formulation of a prevention program for early-onset GBS disease in Lithuania.”

Group B Streptococcus colonization by HIV status in pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors.
Shah M, Aziz N, Leva N, Cohan D. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011 Nov;20(11):1737-41. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2888. Epub 2011 Oct 19.

Prevalence and significance of vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant women from Osijek, Croatia.
Müller-Vranjes A, Puntarić D, Curzik D, Sijanović S, Topolovec Z, Kasac Z, Miskulin M.
Coll Antropol. 2011 Mar;35(1):21-6.

Group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy and maternal-fetal transmission in Zimbabwe.
Mavenyengwa RT, Afset JE, Schei B, Berg S, Caspersen T, Bergseng H, Moyo SR.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(2):250-5. doi: 10.3109/00016340903398029.

Correlates of Vaginal Colonization with Group B Streptococci among Pregnant Women
Dechen, T. C., Sumit, K., & Ranabir, P. (2010). Journal of global infectious diseases, 2(3), 236–241. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.68536

Rectal colonization by group B Streptococcus as a predictor of vaginal colonization.
Meyn, L. A., Krohn, M. A., & Hillier, S. L. (2009). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 201(1), 76.e1–76.e767. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.011

Prevalence of maternal group B streptococcal colonisation in European countries. 
BARCAITE, E., BARTUSEVICIUS, A., TAMELIENE, R., KLIUCINSKAS, M., MALECKIENE, L. and NADISAUSKIENE, R. (2008), Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 87: 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340801908759

Risk Factors for Group B Streptococcal Colonization: Potential for Different Transmission Systems by Capsular Type
Foxman B., Gillespie W., Manning S.D. et al. Ann Epidemiol. 2007 Nov; 17 (11): 854-862.

Prevalence of maternal group B streptococcal colonization and related risk factors in a Brazilian population. (abstract)
Zusman AS, Baltimore RS, Fonseca SN. Braz J Infect Dis. 2006 Aug;10(4):242-6.

First-trimester group B Streptococcus colonization of the cervix: a risk factor for maternal colonization at term?
Daimaru-Enoki LC, Morgan M, Nichols WS, Silverman NS. J Reprod Med. 2005 Jul;50(7):496-500.

Colonization with Group B streptococci in pregnancy and outcome of infected neonates in Trinidad.
Orrett FA. Pediatr Int. 2003. Jun; 45(3): 319-23.

Is there a correlation between the vaginal colonization with group B streptococci and premature deliveries? (abstract)
Kovachev E, Markova V, Bozhkova K, Popova A, Tsvetkova S, Cherneva S.  Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2003;42 Suppl 2:3-5.

Association of sexual activity with colonization and vaginal acquisition of group B Streptococcus in nonpregnant women. (abstract)
Meyn LA, Moore DM, Hillier SL, Krohn MA. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 May 15;155(10):949-57.

Determinants of co-colonization with group B streptococcus among heterosexual college couples.
Manning SD, Tallman P, Baker CJ, Gillespie B, Marrs CF, Foxman B. Epidemiology. 2002 Sep;13(5):533-9.
“Among heterosexual college couples, sexual activity, particularly male-to-female oral sex, increases the risk of co-colonization with an identical group B strain. Future studies should evaluate the role of the pharynx and examine the effects of both bacterial characteristics and host response on transmission.”
​
Risk factors for maternal colonization with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci.
Terry RR, Kelly FW, Gauzer C, Jeitler M. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 Nov;99(11):571-3.

​Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women
Ramos, E., Gaudier, F. L., Hearing, L. R., Del Valle, G. O., Jenkins, S., & Briones, D. (1997). Obstetrics and gynecology, 89(2), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00489-9

Group B streptococcal colonization and preterm labour. (abstract)
McDonald H, Vigneswaran R, O’Loughlin JA. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Aug;29(3 Pt 2):291-3.

Incidence and Duration of Group B Streptococcus by Serotype among Male and Female College Students Living in a Singe Dormitory. 
Foxman B., Gillespie B., Manning S. D., et al. Am J Epidemiol (2006) 163 (6): 544-551.

Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in the healthy non-pregnant population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Merel N. van Kassel, Sanne W.C.M. Janssen, Sanne Kofman, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek, Merijn W. Bijlsma. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Volume 27, Issue 7, July 2021, Pages 968-980.
​
Group B streptococcal colonization in elderly women
Baldan, Rossella & Droz, Sara & Casanova, Carlo & Knabben, Laura & Huang, Dorothy & Brülisauer, Christine & Kind, André & Krause, Elke & Mauerer, Stefanie & Spellerberg, Barbara & Sendi, Parham. (2021). BMC Infectious Diseases. 21. 10.1186/s12879-021-06102-x. 

Estimating the Burden of Infant Group B Streptococcus Disease in Ontario, Canada: a Population-Based Cohort Study
Fakhraei R, El-Chaar D, Sander B, Thampi N, Brown K, Fell D. (2024) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. VOLUME 230, ISSUE 2, SUPPLEMENT , S640, FEBRUARY 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.059

Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus agalactiae in non-pregnant populations: a systematic review.
Founou, L. L., Khan, U. B., Medugu, N., Pinto, T. C. A., Darboe, S., Chendi, Z., Founou, R. C., To, K. N., Jamrozy, D., Karampatsas, K., Carr, V. R., Pepper, K., Dangor, Z., Ip, M., Le Doare, K., & Bentley, S. D. (2023). Microbial genomics, 9(11), 001140. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001140

Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

​Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting paradigms
Schuchat A. (1998). Clinical microbiology reviews, 11(3), 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.11.3.497

Revisiting typing systems for group B Streptococcus prophages: an application in prophage detection and classification in group B Streptococcus isolates from Argentina
Kovacec V, Di Gregorio S, Pajon M, Crestani C, Poklepovich T, Campos J, Basit Khan U, Bentley SD, Jamrozy D, Mollerach M, Bonofiglio L. Microb Genom. 2024 Oct;10(10):001297. doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.001297. PMID: 39418095; PMCID: PMC11485964.

Decreased fetal movements: Report from the International Stillbirth Alliance conference workshop
Billie F. Bradford, Dexter J. L. Hayes, Stefanie Damhuis, Alexis Shub, Anna Akselsson, Ingela Radestad, Alexander E. P. Heazell, Vicki Flenady, Sanne J. Gordijn. 08 December 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15242

Decreased Fetal Movement: AWHONN Practice Brief #20
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (2023). Nursing for women's health, S1751-4851(23)00248-9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2023.11.004

Fetal Movement
Joy Bryant; Jennifer Thistle. Morgan Community College​

Excessive fetal movements are a sign of fetal compromise which merits further examination.
Heazell AEP, Stacey T, O'Brien LM, Mitchell EA, Warland J. Med Hypotheses. 2018 Feb;111:19-23.

To be taken seriously and receive rapid and adequate care - Womens' requests when they consult health care for reduced fetal movements.
Georgsson S, Linde A, Pettersson K, Nilsson R, Rådestad I. Midwifery. 2016 Sep;40:102-8. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jun 11.

Women's Experiences of Fetal Movements before the Confirmation of Fetal Death—Contractions Misinterpreted as Fetal Movement
Linde, A., Pettersson, K., Rådestad, I. (2015) https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12151

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Women who report Decreased Fetal Movements
Preston S, Mahomed K, Chadha Y, Flenady V, Gardener G, MacPhail J, Conway L, Koopmans L, Stacey T, Heazell A, Fretts R and Frøen F for the Fetal Movement Study Group and the international FEMINA collaboration. Clinical practice guideline for the management of women who report decreased fetal movements. Brisbane, March 2010.

Reduction of late stillbirth with the introduction of fetal movement information and guidelines – a clinical quality improvement
Julie Victoria Holm Tveit,Eli Saastad, Babill Stray-Pedersen, et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009 9:32 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-9-32

Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonisation in mother–newborn dyads in low-income and middle-income south Asian and African countries: a prospective, observational study
Kwatra, Gaurav et al. The Lancet Microbe, October 2024, Volume 5, Issue 10, 100897.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus maternal colonization, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis Fiseha Wadilo, Elifaged Hailemeskel, Kiya Kedir, Ziad El-Khatib, Phonix Constant Asogba, Tamrayehu Seyoum, Fongang Che Landis, Rawliegh Howe, Minyahil Tadesse Boltena Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. Volume 32, March 2023, Pages 134-144

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types
Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121606

BOTSWANA

Genomic Analysis of Group B Streptococcus Carriage Isolates From Botswana Reveals Distinct Local Epidemiology and Identifies Novel Strains
Hanze Villavicencio, K. L., Job, M. J., Burghard, A. C., Taffet, A., Banda, F. M., Vurayai, M., Mokomane, M., Arscott-Mills, T., Mazhani, T., Nchingane, S., Thomas, B., Steenhoff, A. P., & Ratner, A. J. (2023). Open forum infectious diseases, 10(10), ofad496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad496

EGYPT
​
Molecular Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Egyptian Women
Sarah Shabayek, Verena Vogel, Dorota Jamrozy, Stephen D. Bentley, Barbara Spellerberg. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 38.

Compositional Changes in the Vaginal Bacterial Microbiome of Healthy Pregnant Women across the Three Gestational Trimesters in Ismailia, Egypt
Mariam E. Amin, Marwa Azab, Amro Hanora, Khaled Atwa, Sarah Shabayek. Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 139.

Alterations of the vaginal microbiome in healthy pregnant women positive for group B Streptococcus colonization during the third trimester.
Shabayek, S., Abdellah, A. M., Salah, M., Ramadan, M., & Fahmy, N. (2022). BMC microbiology, 22(1), 313. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02730-8

ETHIOPIA

Proportion of Streptococcus agalactiae vertical transmission and associated risk factors among Ethiopian mother-newborn dyads, Northwest Ethiopia
Gizachew, M., Tiruneh, M., Moges, F. et al. Sci Rep 10, 3477 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60447-y

Maternal group B Streptococcus recto vaginal colonization increases the odds of stillbirth: evidence from Eastern Ethiopia
Yadeta, T.A., Worku, A., Egata, G. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18, 410 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2044-2

GAMBIA
​
Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns
Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, Oluwalana C, Lette K, West P, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec;23(12):974-979. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.020. Epub 2017 May 3.

​Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants
Le Doare, K., Jarju, S., Darboe, S., Warburton, F., Gorringe, A., Heath, P. T., & Kampmann, B. (2016). Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants. The Journal of Infection, 72(3), 283–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.12.014

KENYA

GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS PREVALENCE, ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RISK FACTORS FOR COLONIZATION AMONG ANTENATAL WOMEN AT MBAGATHI HOSPITAL, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Munene Tony Mwambia, Oct 2021 Thesis

Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotypes and risk factors for group B streptococcus rectovaginal isolates among pregnant women at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya; a cross-sectional study
Solano Clayton Jisuvei, Alfred Osati, Maina Anne Najeri. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 22;20:302.

Effectiveness of a Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Protocol on GBS Screening and Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis at Kenyatta National Hospital
Dr. Vitalis Oluoch Okola. February 2017 Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya
Seale AC, Koech AC, Sheppard AE, et al. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1(7):16067. Published 2016 May 23. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.67

Prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization in antenatal Women at Kenyatta national Hospital (KNH)
Mohamed, Salat G. 2009 Thesis

NIGERIA
​
Aetiology of neonatal sepsis in Nigeria, and relevance of Group b streptococcus: A systematic review. 
PLoS One. 2018 Jul 17;13(7):e0200350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200350. eCollection 2018

Group B streptococcal colonization and transmission dynamics in pregnant women and their newborns in Nigeria: implications for prevention strategies
N.Medugu, K.C.Iregbu, R.E.Parker, J.Plemmons, P.Singh et al. Received 20 October 2016, Revised 24 February 2017, Accepted 25 February 2017, Available online 6 March 2017.

GBS TEST MAY SAVE LIVES OF NEW BABIES IN NIGERIA
August 28, 2017. Layne Cameron - Michigan State

Group B streptococcal colonization and transmission dynamics in pregnant women and their newborns in Nigeria: implications for prevention strategies
Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Volume 23, Issue 9, September 2017, Pages 673.e9-673.e16

High group B streptococcus carriage rates in pregnant women in a tertiary institution in Nigeria
Elikwu, C. J., Oduyebo, O., Ogunsola, F. T., Anorlu, R. I., Okoromah, C. N., & König, B. (2016). The Pan African medical journal, 25, 249. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.25.249.9433

SOUTH AFRICA
​
Surface protein distribution in Group B Streptococcus isolates from South Africa and identifying vaccine targets through in silico analysis
Gent, V., Lu, YJ., Lukhele, S. et al.. Sci Rep 14, 22665 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73175-4

​Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in South Africa: Importance of Surveillance Methodology
Quan V, Verani JR, Cohen C, von Gottberg A, Meiring S, Cutland CL, et al. (2016) Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in South Africa: Importance of Surveillance Methodology. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0152524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152524

UGANDA
​
Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus: Maternal Colonization and Infant Disease in Kampala, Uganda
Mary Kyohere, Hannah Georgia Davies, Konstantinos Karampatsas, Liberty Cantrell, Philippa Musoke, Annettee Nakimuli, Valerie Tusubira, Juliet Sendagala Nsimire, Dorota Jamrozy, Uzma Basit Khan, Stephen D Bentley, Owen B Spiller, Caitlin Farley, Tom Hall, Olwenn Daniel, Simon Beach, Nick Andrews, Stephanie J Schrag, Clare L Cutland, Andrew Gorringe, Stephanie Leung, Stephen Taylor, Paul T Heath, Stephen Cose, Carol Baker, Merryn Voysey, Kirsty Le Doare, Musa Sekikubo, for the PROGRESS Study Group , Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus: Maternal Colonization and Infant Disease in Kampala, Uganda, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 4, April 2025, ofaf167, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf167

ZIMBABWE
​
Group B Streptococcus colonization during pregnancy and maternal-fetal transmission in Zimbabwe.
Mavenyengwa RT, Afset JE, Schei B, Berg S, Caspersen T, Bergseng H, Moyo SR.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(2):250-5. doi: 10.3109/00016340903398029.

CANADA

​Burden of infant group B Streptococcus disease and impact of maternal screening and antibiotic prophylaxis in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study.
Fakhraei R, Fell DB, El-Chaâr D, Thampi N, Sander B, Brown KA, Crowcroft N, Bolotin S, Barrett J, Darling EK, Fittipaldi N, Lamagni T, McGeer A, Murti M, Sadarangani M, Schwartz KL, Yasseen A, Tunis M, Petrcich W, Wilson K. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 Oct 24;39:100914. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100914. PMID: 39507368; PMCID: PMC11539648.

Estimating the Burden of Infant Group B Streptococcus Disease in Ontario, Canada: a Population-Based Cohort Study
Fakhraei R, El-Chaar D, Sander B, Thampi N, Brown K, Fell D. (2024) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. VOLUME 230, ISSUE 2, SUPPLEMENT , S640, FEBRUARY 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.059

Group B Streptococcal Infections in Newborns
Healthwise Staff , May 4, 2017

Epidemiology of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection: implications for screening
Konrad, G., & Katz, A. (2007). Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 53(6), e.1–1054.

BRAZIL

Changes in Group B Streptococcus Colonization among Pregnant Women before and after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
Costa, N. S., Rio-Tinto, A., Pinto, I. B. F., Dos Santos Silva Alvim, D. C., de Assis Rocha, A., Oliveira, L. M. A., Botelho, A. C. N., Fracalanzza, S. E. L., Teixeira, L. M., Rezende-Filho, J., Marinho, P. S., Amim Júnior, J., Taylor, S., Thomas, S., & Pinto, T. C. A. (2022). Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101104

Early-onset neonatal sepsis by Group B Streptococcus in a Brazilian public hospital
Barbosa NG, Dos Reis H, Mantese OC, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Abdallah VO, Gontijo Filho PP.  Braz J Infect Dis. 2016 Nov-Dec;20(6):647-648. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.07.013. Epub 2016 Aug 24. PMID: 27565421; PMCID: PMC9427652.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Near-term pregnant women in the Dominican Republic experience high rates of Group B Streptococcus rectovaginal colonization with virulent strains
Laycock, K. M., Acosta, F., Valera, S., Villegas, A., Mejia, E., Mateo, C., Felipe, R., Fernández, A., Job, M., Dongas, S., Steenhoff, A. P., Ratner, A. J., & Geoghegan, S. (2023). PLOS global public health, 3(9), e0002281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002281

MEXICO

Genomic analysis of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant women in northeastern Mexico
Palacios-Saucedo, G. D. C., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Caballero-Trejo, A., Mellado-García, M. C., Flores-Flores, A. S., González-Navarro, J. A., Herrera-Rivera, C. G., Osuna-Rosales, L. E., Hernández-González, J. A., Vázquez-Juárez, R., Barrón-Enríquez, C., Valladares-Trujillo, R., Treviño-Baez, J. D., Alonso-Téllez, C. A., Ramírez-Calvillo, L. D., Cerda-Flores, R. M., Ortiz-López, R., Rivera-Alvarado, M. Á., Solórzano-Santos, F., … Rodríguez-Padilla, C. (2022). PloS one, 17(3), e0264273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264273

[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview]
Palacios-Saucedo, G. C., Hernández-Hernández, T. I., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Briones-Lara, E., Caballero-Trejo, A., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Amador-Patiño, G. I., García-Cabello, R., Solórzano-Santos, F., & Rodríguez-Padillacs, C. (2017). Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 153(3), 361–370.

NICARAGUA
​
Rectovaginal Colonization with Serotypes of Group B Streptococci with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility among Pregnant Women in León, Nicaragua
Alemán T, Vielot NA, Herrera R, et al. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):415. Published 2022 Mar 29. doi:10.3390/pathogens11040415

​TRINIDAD
​
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of group B Streptococci isolated from pregnant women in Trinidad, West Indies.
Orrett FA. Saudi Med J. 2004 Nov;25(11):1764-5. No abstract available.

​Colonization with Group B streptococci in pregnancy and outcome of infected neonates in Trinidad.
Orrett FA. Pediatr Int. 2003. Jun; 45(3): 319-23.
​
Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant third trimester women in Trinidad.
Orrett FA, Olagundoye V. J Hosp Infect. 1994 May;27(1):43-8.

CHINA
​
Colonisation of Group B Streptococcus and its effects on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women in Guangzhou, China: a retrospective study
Liu, Y., Liu, W., Zhuang, G., Liu, W., & Qiu, C. (2023). BMJ open, 13(11), e078759. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078759

Incidence of Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants in China: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ding, Y., Hsia, Y., O'Sullivan, C., Wang, Y., & Heath, P. T. (2023).The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 42(1), e15–e17. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003752

Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and antibiotic resistance in China: systematic review and meta-analyses.
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Lin, M. et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 22, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-023-00553-7

Diagnostic Performance of Various Methodologies for Group B Streptococcus Screening in Pregnant Woman in China
Gao, K., Deng, Q., Huang, L., Chang, C. Y., Zhong, H., Xie, Y., Guan, X., & Liu, H. (2021). Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 651968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.651968

Prevalence of group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant women in Jiangsu, East China
Ge, Y., Pan, F., Bai, R. et al. BMC Infect Dis 21, 492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06186-5

Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Incidence for Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants and Antimicrobial Resistance, China
Ding Y, Wang Y, Hsia Y, et al.. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(11):2651-2659. doi:10.3201/eid2611.181414.

Epidemiology of group B streptococcal infection in pregnant women and diseased infants in mainland China
Huang, J., Lin, X. Z., Zhu, Y., & Chen, C. (2019).Pediatrics and neonatology, 60(5), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.07.001

Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease among Infants, China
Ji, W., Liu, H., Madhi, S. A., Cunnington, M., Zhang, Z., Dangor, Z., Zhou, H., Mu, X., Jin, Z., Wang, A., Qin, X., Gao, C., Zhu, Y., Feng, X., She, S., Yang, S., Liu, J., Lei, J., Jiang, L., Liu, Z., … Fang, Y. (2019). Emerging infectious diseases, 25(11), 2021–2030. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2511.181647

Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Late Pregnancy and Invasive Infection in Neonates in China: A Population-Based 3-Year Study
Zhu, Y., Huang, J., Lin, X. Z., & Chen, C. (2019). Neonatology, 115(4), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494133

Colonization prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Group B Streptococcus in pregnant women over a 6-year period in Dongguan, China
Ji, W., Zhang, L., Guo, Z., Xie, S., Yang, W., Chen, J., Wang, J., Cheng, Z., Wang, X., Zhu, X., Wang, J., Wang, H., Huang, J., Liang, N., & McIver, D. J. (2017). PloS one, 12(8), e0183083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183083

Estimating the burden of invasive Group B Streptococcal disease in young infants in southern mainland China: an observational study
Liu, H., Zeng, H., Wang, W., Deng, Q., Margarit, I., Rinaudo, C. D., … Geng, G. (2015). Estimating the burden of invasive Group B Streptococcal disease in young infants in southern mainland China: an observational study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 13699–13707.

INDIA
​
Genotype Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Group B Streptococcus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Puducherry, South India
Sangeetha, A. V., Devi, S., Subramanian, A., Daniel, M., & Anandh, P. (2023). Journal of tropical medicine, 2023, 9910380. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9910380
​
Group B Streptococcus in Indian pregnant women: Its prevalence and risk factors
Goel N, Wattal C, Gujral K, Dhaduk N, Mansukhani C, Garg P. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2020 Jul-Dec;38(3 & 4):357-361. doi: 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_333. PMID: 33154247.

Meta-analysis on prevalence of vaginal group B streptococcus colonization and preterm births in India (abstract)
Nancy Ashary, Abhishek Singh, Karisma Chhabria & Deepak Modi (2020), The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1813705

​Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: A review with an Indian perspective
Narava S, Rajaram G, Ramadevi A, Prakash G V, Mackenzie S. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: A review with an Indian perspective. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014;32:6-12

ISRAEL
​
While waiting for a vaccine: opportunities for optimization of neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease prevention in Israel.
Waisman D, Gover A, Molad M, Kedar R, Rotschild A, Benitz WE. J Perinatol. 2019 Feb;39(2):331-338. doi: 10.1038/s41372-018-0289-2. Epub 2018 Dec 11. PMID: 30538325.

JAPAN
​
Group B Streptococcal Disease in Infants in Japan
Matsubara, K., & Shibata, M. (2024). The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 43(1), e3–e10. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000004144

Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in infants younger than 1 year in Japan: a nationwide surveillance study 2016-2020
Shibata, M., Matsubara, K., Matsunami, K., Miyairi, I., Kasai, M., Kai, M., Katayama, Y., Maruyama, T., & Le Doare, K. (2022). European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 41(4), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04396-y

Intrapartum group B Streptococcus screening using real-time polymerase chain reaction in Japanese population
Kei Tanaka, Mitsutoshi Iwashita, Miho Matsushima, Yuichi Wachi, Tomoko Izawa, Keiji Sakai & Yoichi Kobayashi. (2016) The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 29:1, 130-134, DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.989496

KOREA

Clonal Distribution of Clindamycin-Resistant Erythromycin-Susceptible (CRES) Streptococcus agalactiae in Korea Based on Whole Genome Sequences
Sunjoo Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Ann Lab Med 2020; 40(5): 370-381  https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2020.40.5.370
​
Risk factors for group B streptococcus colonization among pregnant women in Korea
Kim, E. J., Oh, K. Y., Kim, M. Y., Seo, Y. S., Shin, J. H., Song, Y. R., Yang, J. H., Foxman, B., & Ki, M. (2011). Epidemiology and health, 33, e2011010. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2011010

MALAYSIA
​
Characterization of a Group B Streptococcus infection based on the demographics, serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypes of selected isolates from sterile and non-sterile isolation sites in three major hospitals in Malaysia
Mohd E S Suhaimi, Mohd N M Desa, Narges Eskandarian, Stella G Pillay, Zalina Ismail, Vasantha K Neela, Siti N Masri, Syafinaz A Nordin. J Infect Public Health. 2017 Jan-Feb;10(1):14-21.  doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.01.009. Epub 2016 Apr 17.

Group B streptococcal bacteremia in a major teaching hospital in Malaysia: a case series of eighteen patients
Eskandarian N, Neela V, Ismail Z, Puzi SM, Hamat RA, Desa MN, Nordin SA. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Sep;17(9):e777-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.01.011. Epub 2013 Feb 28. PMID: 23453715.

NEPAL
​
Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates from Pregnant Women in Kathmandu City
Shrestha K, Sah AK, Singh N, Parajuli P, Adhikari R. J Trop Med. 2020 Aug 28;2020:4046703. doi: 10.1155/2020/4046703. eCollection 2020.

SRI LANKA
​
Colonization of Group B Streptococcus in Pregnant Women and Their Neonates from a Sri Lankan Hospital
Sapugahawatte, D.N.; Li, C.; Liyanapathirana, V.; Kandauda, C.; Gihan, C.; Zhu, C.; Lo, N.W.S.; Wong, K.T.; Ip, M. Pathogens 2022, 11, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040386

Group B Streptococcus colonisation and their antimicrobial susceptibility among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in tertiary care hospitals in the Western Province of Sri Lanka
Dilrukshi, G. N., Kottahachchi, J., Dissanayake, D. M. B. T., Pathiraja, R. P., Karunasingha, J., Sampath, M. K. A., … Fernando, S. S. N. (2021). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 41(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2020.1716313

TAIWAN
​
Group B Streptococcal infection in neonates and colonization in pregnant women: An epidemiological retrospective analysis
Ching-Yi Cho, Yi-Hsuan Tang, Yu-Hsuan Chen, et al. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. Volume 52, Issue 2, April 2019, Pages 265-272​. DOI: ​https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2017.08.004

TURKEY

Screening and genotyping of group B streptococcus in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Turkey
Alp, F., Findik, D., Dagi, H. T., Arslan, U., Pekin, A. T., & Yilmaz, S. A. (2016). Journal of infection in developing countries, 10(3), 222–226. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6190

​Neonatal invasive disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in Europe: the DEVANI multi-center study
Lohrmann, F., Hufnagel, M., Kunze, M. et al. Infection (2022). ​

CROATIA

Prevalence and significance of vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant women from Osijek, Croatia.
Müller-Vranjes A, Puntarić D, Curzik D, Sijanović S, Topolovec Z, Kasac Z, Miskulin M.
Coll Antropol. 2011 Mar;35(1):21-6.

DENMARK
​
Long-term Risk of Epilepsy Following Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease in Neonates in Denmark
Lykke MR, Sørensen HT, Lawn JE, Horváth-Puhó E. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e239507. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9507

​Sex Differences in Long-term Outcomes After Group B Streptococcal Infections During Infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: National Cohort Studies of Neurodevelopmental Impairments and Mortality.
van Kassel MN, Gonçalves BP, Snoek L, Sørensen HT, Bijlsma MW, Lawn JE, Horváth-Puhó E; GBS Danish and Dutch Collaborative Group for Long-Term Outcomes.  Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Jan 20;74(Suppl_1):S54-S63. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab822. PMID: 34725694; PMCID: PMC8775649.

Mortality, neurodevelopmental impairments, and economic outcomes after invasive group B streptococcal disease in early infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: a national matched cohort study.
Horváth-Puhó E, van Kassel MN, Gonçalves BP, de Gier B, Procter SR, Paul P, van der Ende A, Søgaard KK, Hahné SJM, Chandna J, Schrag SJ, van de Beek D, Jit M, Sørensen HT, Bijlsma MW, Lawn JE.  Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021 Jun;5(6):398-407. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00022-5. Epub 2021 Apr 21. PMID: 33894156; PMCID: PMC8131199.

The Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus in Denmark From 2005 to 2018
Slotved, H. C., & Hoffmann, S. (2020). Frontiers in public health, 8, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00040

FRANCE

Recurrent Group B Streptococcus Neonatal Invasive Infections, France, 2007–2021
Ghalia Sbaa, Nicolas Delettre, Cécile Guyonnet, Sébastien Le Huu Nghia, Caroline Joubrel-Guyot, Céline Plainvert, Claire Poyart, Asmaa Tazi, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2024;, jiae307, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae307

GREECE
​
Poor Adherence to the Screening-Based Strategy of Group B Streptococcus Despite Colonization of Pregnant Women in Greece
Berikopoulou MM, Pana A, Liakopoulou-Tsitsipi T, Vlahos NF, Papaevangelou V, Soldatou A. Pathogens. 2021;10(4):418. Published 2021 Apr 1. doi:10.3390/pathogens10040418

ITALY
​
Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Neonates and Infants, Italy, Years 2015-2019
Creti R, Imperi M, Berardi A, et al. Microorganisms. 2021;9(12):2579. Published 2021 Dec 13. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122579

LITHUANIA
​
Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli colonization in pregnant women and neonates in Lithuania. (abstract)
Barcaite E, Bartusevicius A, Tameliene R, Maleckiene L, Vitkauskiene A, Nadisauskiene R.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;117(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.016. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
“Maternal and neonatal GBS colonization rates, serotypes, and susceptibility to antibiotics were comparable to those reported in previous studies. Population-based data regarding early-onset neonatal infection rates will enable the formulation of a prevention program for early-onset GBS disease in Lithuania.”

NETHERLANDS
​
Sex Differences in Long-term Outcomes After Group B Streptococcal Infections During Infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: National Cohort Studies of Neurodevelopmental Impairments and Mortality.
van Kassel MN, Gonçalves BP, Snoek L, Sørensen HT, Bijlsma MW, Lawn JE, Horváth-Puhó E; GBS Danish and Dutch Collaborative Group for Long-Term Outcomes.  Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Jan 20;74(Suppl_1):S54-S63. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab822. PMID: 34725694; PMCID: PMC8775649.

Mortality, neurodevelopmental impairments, and economic outcomes after invasive group B streptococcal disease in early infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: a national matched cohort study.
Horváth-Puhó E, van Kassel MN, Gonçalves BP, de Gier B, Procter SR, Paul P, van der Ende A, Søgaard KK, Hahné SJM, Chandna J, Schrag SJ, van de Beek D, Jit M, Sørensen HT, Bijlsma MW, Lawn JE.  Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021 Jun;5(6):398-407. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00022-5. Epub 2021 Apr 21. PMID: 33894156; PMCID: PMC8131199.

​Disease burden of neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus infection in the Netherlands
Brechje de Gier, Merel N. van Kassel, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders, et al. PLOS One. Published: May 9, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216749

NORWAY

Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome after invasive group B streptococcal infection in infants
Mynarek, M., Vik, T., Andersen, G. L., Brigtsen, A. K., Hollung, S. J., Larose, T. L., Lydersen, S., Olsen, L. C., Strøm, M. S., & Afset, J. E. (2024). Developmental medicine and child neurology, 66(1), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15643​

Incidence of invasive Group B Streptococcal infection and the risk of infant death and cerebral palsy: a Norwegian Cohort Study
Mynarek, M., Bjellmo, S., Lydersen, S., Afset, J. E., Andersen, G. L., & Vik, T. (2021). Pediatric research, 89(6), 1541–1548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1092-

SWEDEN
​
Group B streptococcal carriage in Sweden: a national study on risk factors for mother and infant colonisation
Stellan Håkansson, Pia Axemo, Katarina Bremme, Anna-Lena Bryngelsson, Marie Carlsson Wallin, Carl-Magnus Ekström, Margareta Granlund, Bo Jacobsson, Karin Källén, Eva Spetz, Ingemar Tessin; Swedish Working Group For The Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections. Multicenter Study, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(1):50-8.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340701802888

Intrauterine infection may be a major cause of stillbirth in Sweden
Egle Tolockiene, Eva Morsing, Elisabeth Holst , Andreas Herbst, Åsa Ljungh, Nils Svenningsen, Inga Hägerstrand, Lennarth Nyström First published: 03 July 2003. Volume80, Issue6, Pages 511-518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.d01-151.x

UNITED KINGDOM

A case of penicillin-resistant group B Streptococcus isolated from a patient in the UK
E McGuire, D Ready, N Ellaby, I Potterill, R Pike, K L Hopkins, R L Guy, T Lamagni, D Mack, A Scobie, S Warren, C S Brown, J Coelho, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2024;, dkae419, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkae419

Diversity in Naturally Acquired Immunity to Group B Streptococcus: A Comparative Study of Women From Bangladesh, Malawi, and the United Kingdom
​Shadia Khandaker, Shilpee Sharma, Tom Hall, Suzanna Lim, Janne Lehtonen, Stephanie Leung, Zabed Bin Ahmed, Andrew Gorringe, Samir K Saha, Arnaud Marchant, Kirsty Le Doare, Aras Kadioglu, Neil French, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2024;, jiae607, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae607

Population genetics of group B Streptococcus from maternal carriage in an ethnically diverse community in London
Jamrozy, D., Gopal Rao, G., Feltwell, T., Lamagni, T., Khanna, P., Efstratiou, A., Parkhill, J., & Bentley, S. D. (2023). Frontiers in microbiology, 14, 1185753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185753

Group B Streptococcal Disease in England (1998 – 2017): A Population-based Observational Study
Seilesh Kadambari, Caroline L Trotter, Paul T Heath, Michael J Goldacre, Andrew J Pollard, Raphael Goldacre, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2020;, ciaa1485, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1485

Uncertainties in Screening and Prevention of Group B Streptococcus Disease
​Le Doare, K., Heath, P. T., Plumb, J., Owen, N. A., Brocklehurst, P., & Chappell, L. C. (2019). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 69(4), 720–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1069

AUSTRALIA
​
Group B streptococcal screening, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and neonatal early-onset infection rates in an Australian local health district: 2006-2016
Kathryn Braye, Maralyn Foureur, Koert de Waal, Mark Jones, Elise Putt, John Ferguson   PLOSONE: April 4, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214295

Group B streptococcal infection in the first 90 days of life in North Queensland.
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Apr;54(2):146-51. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12150. Epub 2013 Dec 23.

NEW ZEALAND
​
The prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcus infection: New Zealand Consensus Guidelines 2014.
Darlow B, Campbell N, Austin N, et al. N Z Med J. 2015 Nov 20;128(1425):69-76.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

Maternity care provider acceptance of a future Group B Streptococcus vaccine - A qualitative study in three countries​
Sarah Geoghegan, Francia Acosta, Laura C Stephens, Hanah Gillan, Sandra Valera, Richard J Drew, Maeve Eogan, Adam J Ratner, Andrew P Steenhoff, Karina M Butler, Kristen A Feemster.  Vaccine. 2023 Mar 17;41(12):2013-2021.  doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.037. Epub 2023 Feb 18.

​Neonatal invasive disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in Europe: the DEVANI multi-center study
Lohrmann, F., Hufnagel, M., Kunze, M. et al. Infection (2022). 
​
Group B streptococcus infection during pregnancy and infancy: estimates of regional and global burden
Bronner P Gonçalves, MD, Simon R Procter, DPhil, Proma Paul, DrPH, Jaya Chandna, MSc, Alexandra Lewin, PhD, Farah Seedat, PhD, et al. The Lancet. VOLUME 10, ISSUE 6, E807-E819, JUNE 01, 2022
Published:April 28, 2022 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00093-6

Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes after invasive Group B Streptococcus in early infancy: A multi-country matched cohort study in South Africa, Mozambique, India, Kenya, and Argentina
28 April 2022, 101358

Differences in maternal group B Streptococcus screening rates in Latin American countries
HogenEsch, E., De Mucio, B., Haddad, L. B., Vilajeliu, A., Ropero, A. M., Yildirim, I., & Omer, S. B. (2021). Vaccine, 39 Suppl 2, B3–B11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.082

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in African Countries: Prevalence, Capsular Serotypes, and Molecular Sequence Types
Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121606

[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview]
Palacios-Saucedo, G. C., Hernández-Hernández, T. I., Rivera-Morales, L. G., Briones-Lara, E., Caballero-Trejo, A., Vázquez-Guillén, J. M., Amador-Patiño, G. I., García-Cabello, R., Solórzano-Santos, F., & Rodríguez-Padillacs, C. (2017). Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 153(3), 361–370.
​
​Intrapartum Antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis Policies for the Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review
Le Doare, K., O'Driscoll, M., Turner, K., Seedat, F., Russell, N. J., Seale, A. C., Heath, P. T., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Cutland, C., Gravett, M. G., Ip, M., Madhi, S. A., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Vekemans, J., Kampmann, B., … GBS Intrapartum Antibiotic Investigator Group (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S143–S151. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix654

Incidence and serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal disease in young infants: a multi-country observational study
Rivera, L., Sáez-Llorens, X., Feris-Iglesias, J., Ip, M., Saha, S., Adrian, P. V., … Slobod, K. S. (2015). Incidence and serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal disease in young infants: a multi-country observational study. BMC Pediatrics, 15, 143. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0460-2

Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Anna C Seale, Hannah Blencowe, Fiorella Bianchi-Jassir, Nicholas Embleton,et al; Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 6 November 2017, Pages S125–S132. ​

Estimating the Burden of Infant Group B Streptococcus Disease in Ontario, Canada: a Population-Based Cohort Study
Fakhraei R, El-Chaar D, Sander B, Thampi N, Brown K, Fell D. (2024) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. VOLUME 230, ISSUE 2, SUPPLEMENT , S640, FEBRUARY 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.059

​Group B streptococcus infection during pregnancy and infancy: estimates of regional and global burden
Gonçalves, BP, Procter, SR, Paul, P., Chandna, J., Lewin, A., Seedat, F., Koukounari, A., Dangor, Z., Leahy, S., Santhanam, S., John, HB, Bramugy, J., Bardají, A., Abubakar, A., Nasambu, C., Libster, R., Sánchez Yanotti, C. , Horváth-Puhó, E. , Sørensen, HT , ... CHAMPS team ( 2022). The Lancet Global Health , 10 (6), e807-e819. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00093-6

Estimates of the Burden of Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide for Pregnant Women, Stillbirths, and Children. Seale AC, Bianchi-Jassir F, Russell NJ, Kohli-Lynch M, Tann CJ, Hall J, Madrid L, Blencowe H, Cousens S, Baker CJ, Bartlett L, Cutland C, Gravett MG, Heath PT, Ip M, Le Doare K, Madhi SA, Rubens CE, Saha SK, Schrag SJ, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A, Vekemans J, Lawn JE.  Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 6;65(suppl_2):S200-S219.

Group B streptococcus incidence rises significantly among newborns despite widespread adoption of prevention initiatives.
The Lancet. “Group B streptococcus incidence rises significantly among newborns despite widespread adoption of prevention initiatives.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 20 October 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141020090138.htm>.
“Group B streptococcus, a major cause of serious infectious diseases including sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia, has increased by about 60% among infants younger than 3 months in the Netherlands over the past 25 years despite the widespread use of prevention strategies, new research has found.”

​Group B streptococcal disease in infants aged younger than 3 months: systematic review and meta-analysis (abstract)
Dr Karen M Edmond PhD, Christina Kortsalioudaki MBBS, Susana Scott PhD, Stephanie J Schrag DPhil, Prof Anita KM, Zaidi MBBS, Prof Simon Cousens DipMathStat, Prof Paul T Heath MBBS [Hons].
The Lancet, Volume 379, Issue 9815, Pages 547 -556, 11 February 2012, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61651-6.
“Despite widespread use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, group B streptococcus remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. However, estimates of disease burden in many countries outside of these regions is not available. We aimed to examine the current global burden of invasive disease and the serotype distribution of group B streptococcus isolates.”

Evaluation of Universal Antenatal Screening for Group B Streptococcus
Van Dyke et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 2009; 360:2626-2636 June 18, 2009
This paper analyzes the implementation and impact of the universal screening recommendations on provider methods and the incidence of GBS disease. It highlights the positive impact of universal screening and also identifies areas that need continued improvement.

Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease After Universal Screening Recommendations; United States, 2003-2005
CDC MMWR Weekly, July 20, 2007.  “…Although incidence among white infants decreased steadily during 2003–2005, incidence increased 70% among black infants.”

Group B streptococcal disease in UK and Irish infants younger than 90 days. (abstract)
Heath PT et al. Lancet. 2004 Jan 24;363(9405):292-4.

Incidence of Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants in China: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ding, Y., Hsia, Y., O'Sullivan, C., Wang, Y., & Heath, P. T. (2023).The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 42(1), e15–e17. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003752

​Epidemiology of Invasive Early-Onset and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States, 2006 to 2015: Multistate Laboratory and Population-Based Surveillance
Nanduri, S. A., Petit, S., Smelser, C., Apostol, M., Alden, N. B., Harrison, L. H., Lynfield, R., Vagnone, P. S., Burzlaff, K., Spina, N. L., Dufort, E. M., Schaffner, W., Thomas, A. R., Farley, M. M., Jain, J. H., Pondo, T., McGee, L., Beall, B. W., & Schrag, S. J. (2019). JAMA pediatrics, 173(3), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4826

Decrease in Group B Streptococcal Infections in Neonates: Analysis of Health Insurance Data 2005 to 2017
Sorg AL, Obermeier V, Armann J, Klemme M, von Kries R. Rückgang von Infektionen durch Streptokokken der Gruppe B bei Neugeborenen: Analyse von Krankenversicherungsdaten 2005 bis 2017. Klin Padiatr. 2021 Jan;233(1):17-23. German. doi: 10.1055/a-1202-1758. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32698210.

Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005.
Phares CR et al. JAMA. 2008 May 7;299(17):2056-65. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.17.2056.

​Ten-year study on the effect of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on early onset group B streptococcal and Escherichia coli neonatal sepsis in Australasia. (abstract)
Daley AJ, Isaacs D; Australasian Study Group for Neonatal Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Jul;23(7):630-4.

Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. The Lancet. VOLUME 400, ISSUE 10369, P2221-2248, DECEMBER 17, 2022.
​
Ending preventable maternal and newborn deaths due to infection
​Desale M., Thinkhamrop J., Lumbiganon P., et al. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016 Oct; 36:116-130. ​

Infection in Maternal-Fetal Medicine: An Overview
Galask R, Larsen B, Ohm M. The Global Library of Women's Medicine. (ISSN: 1756-2228) 2008. 

Group B β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infection in the Newborn: I. Early Onset Infection
Quirante J, Ceballos R, Cassady G. Am J Dis Child. 1974;128(5):659–665. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1974.02110300069009

The urgent need to recognize and properly address prenatal-onset group B Streptococcus disease​
Natália Silva Costa, Laura Maria Andrade Oliveira, Tomislav Meštrović, Christina W. Obiero, Shui Shan Lee, Tatiana Castro Abreu Pinto. Published:October 12, 2022. VOLUME 124, P168-170, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.016

Group B streptococcal infections during pregnancy and perinatal consequences: what do we need to determine more than a bacteriological analysis?
Anca A. Simionescu, Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu. Ref: Ro J Infect Dis. 2021;24(2) DOI: 10.37897/RJID.2021.2.2 

Accounting for Infectious Causes of Stillbirth in the U.S.
NEJM Journal Watch,  Anna Wald, MD, MPH. November 25, 2019.​

Study Shows How Group B Strep Establishes In Utero Infection, Posing Risk to Baby 
Lindsay Kurs (2018). Seattle Children's Hospital ​

​Maternal group B Streptococcus recto vaginal colonization increases the odds of stillbirth: evidence from Eastern Ethiopia
Yadeta, T.A., Worku, A., Egata, G. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18, 410 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2044-2

Stillbirth With Group B Streptococcus Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Seale, A. C., Blencowe, H., Bianchi-Jassir, F., Embleton, N., Bassat, Q., Ordi, J., Menéndez, C., Cutland, C., Briner, C., Berkley, J. A., Lawn, J. E., Baker, C. J., Bartlett, L., Gravett, M. G., Heath, P. T., Ip, M., Le Doare, K., Rubens, C. E., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., … Madhi, S. A. (2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(suppl_2), S125–S132. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix585

The role of infection in miscarriage
Giakoumelou, S., Wheelhouse, N., Cuschieri, K., Entrican, G., Howie, S. E., & Horne, A. W. (2016). Human reproduction update, 22(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv041

A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury.
​Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2015 Apr;7(4):488-505.
​​
Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus.
Tudela CM, Stewart RD, Roberts SW, Wendel GD Jr, Stafford IA, McIntire DD, Sheffield JS.
Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;119(3):626-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824532f6.
“We believe that these findings are compelling evidence that fetuses with early-onset GBS may have signs of sepsis peripartum. We hypothesize that these data support the concept that early-onset GBS represents a spectrum of infection that often precedes birth.”​

​Intrauterine infection may be a major cause of stillbirth in Sweden
Egle Tolockiene, Eva Morsing, Elisabeth Holst , Andreas Herbst, Åsa Ljungh, Nils Svenningsen, Inga Hägerstrand, Lennarth Nyström First published: 03 July 2003. Volume80, Issue6, Pages 511-518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.d01-151.x

Intrauterine infections with group B beta-haemolytic streptococci
Desa DJ, Trevenen CL. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984 Mar;91(3):237-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04759.x. PMID: 6367810.

Antibiotic Management of Miscarriages Associated with Group B Streptococcus Genital Tract Infection
​Attila Toth, MD. Clinical Associate Professor, New York Hospital – Presbyterian Medical Center. Case Reports. 
​​

​Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization and Ascending Infection in Pregnancy
Alyssa Brokaw, Anna Furuta, Matthew Dacanay, Lakshmi Rajagopal, and Kristina M. Adams Waldorf. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 03 September 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.720789

Bacterial Hyaluronidase Promotes Ascending GBS Infection and Preterm Birth
Vornhagen, J., Quach, P., Boldenow, E., Merillat, S., Whidbey, C., Ngo, L. Y., Adams Waldorf, K. M., & Rajagopal, L. (2016). mBio, 7(3), e00781-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00781-16
​

Association between group B streptococcus positivity and maternal infectious morbidity
Jennifer A. McCoy, Kira A. Bromwich, Kristin D. Gerson, Lisa D. Levine. VOLUME 228, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S490-S491, JANUARY 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.844

​Genome-Wide fitness analysis of group B Streptococcus in human amniotic fluid reveals a transcription factor that controls multiple virulence traits
Allison N. Dammann, Anna B. Chamby, Andrew J. Catomeris, Kyle M. Davidson, Hervé Tettelin, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna, Mary F. Keith, Jordan L. Elder, Adam J. Ratner, Thomas A. Hooven. Version 2 March 8, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009116

(Maternal Fever) Diagnosis and Management of Clinical Chorioamnionitis
​Tita A. T. N, Andrews W. W. Clin Perinatol. 2010 Jun; 37(2): 339-354. 

​Peripartum infection associated with vaginal group B streptococcal colonization.
Yancey MK, Duff P, Clark P, Kurtzer T, Frentzen BH, Kubilis P. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Nov;84(5):816-9.
“Intrapartum vaginal colonization with group B streptococci is an important independent risk factor for chorioamnionitis.”

Group B streptococcus amnionitis with intact membranes associated with quintuplet delivery
​Neri A., Wielunsky E., Henig E., et al. European Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Volume 17, Issue 1, April 1984, Pages 29-32.

Preterm Birth Associated With Group B Streptococcus Maternal Colonization Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
F. Bianchi-Jassir, A. C Seale, M. Kohli-Lynch, J. E Lawn, C. J Baker, L. Bartlett, et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 6 November 2017, Pages S133–S142,

​Bacterial Hyaluronidase Promotes Ascending GBS Infection and Preterm Birth
Jay Vornhagen, Phoenicia Quach, Erica Boldenow, Sean Merillat, Christopher Whidbey, Lisa Y. Ngo, K. M. Adams Waldorf, Lakshmi Rajagopal. mBio Jun 2016, 7 (3) e00781-16; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00781-16

Membrane Vesicles of Group B Streptococcus Disrupt Feto-Maternal Barrier Leading to Preterm Birth
Vishnu Surve M, Anil A, Ganesh Kamath K, et al. PLOS Pathogens. 1, Sep. 2016. 

​Genetic risk factor for premature birth found.
University of California, San Diego Health Sciences. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 May 2014.
“Researchers have discovered a genetic risk factor for premature birth. The risk factor is related to a gene that codes for a protein that the scientists have found helps the body’s immune cells recognize and fight Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria. These bacteria are found in the vagina or lower gastrointestinal tract of approximately 15 to 20 percent of healthy women, but may cause life-threatening infections, such as sepsis or meningitis in newborns, especially those born prematurely.”

A hemolytic pigment of Group B Streptococcus allows bacterial penetration of human placenta. (abstract)
Whidbey C et al. J Exp Med. 2013 Jun 3;210(6):1265-81. doi: 10.1084/jem.20122753. Epub 2013 May 27.

The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations
Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Buss, C., & Lu, M. C. (2011). The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations. Clinics in Perinatology, 38(3), 351–384. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2011.06.007

Intra-Uterine Death Due To B-Haemolytic Streptococcus Despite Intact Membranes.
D D'Souza, A Sharma. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Volume 10 Number 1.

​Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Newborn
BS Apgar, MD, MS; G Greenberg, MD, MA; and G YEN, MD American Family Physician, March 1 2005
“Compared with infants born to lightly colonized women, those born to heavily colonized women have 2.5 times the risk of infection. Neonates born to mothers who have GBS bacteriuria at any time during pregnancy are known to be more frequently and more heavily colonized with GBS and are more likely to develop sepsis. Infections that occur in the first two days of life usually are caused by exposure to maternal organisms. Risk factors for neonatal transmission and infection are listed in Table 1. Compared with term newborns, preterm and low-birth-weight infants have increased rates of GBS sepsis.”

​Is there a correlation between the vaginal colonization with group B streptococci and premature deliveries? (abstract)
Kovachev E, Markova V, Bozhkova K, Popova A, Tsvetkova S, Cherneva S. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2003;42 Suppl 2:3-5.

​Premature labor with intact membranes: microbiology of the amniotic fluid and lower genital tract and its relation with maternal and neonatal outcome. (abstract)
Rev Med Chil. 2000 Sep;128(9):985-95. Ovalle A, Martinez MA, Gomez R, Saez J, Menares I, Aspillaga C, Schwarze JE.
“In preterm labor with intact membranes, intraamniotic infection is the most frequent cause of prematurity and is associated with a higher prevalence of maternal and neonatal problems.“

Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: the role of induction of labor.
Hannah, M. E., Ohlsson, A., Wang, E. E., Matlow, A., Foster, G. A., Willan, A. R., Hodnett, E. D., Weston, J. A., Farine, D., & Seaward, P. G. (1997). TermPROM Study Group. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 177(4), 780–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70268-0

​Group B streptococcal colonization and preterm labour. (abstract)
McDonald H, Vigneswaran R, O’Loughlin JA. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Aug;29(3 Pt 2):291-3.

Antibiotic Elimination of Group-B Streptococci in Urine in Prevention of Preterm Labour (abstract)
AC Thomsen, L Morup, KB Hansen. The Lancet, 1(8533):591-593, 1987.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

​A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury.
​Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2015 Apr;7(4):488-505.
​
Factors associated with intrapartum transmission of group B Streptococcus. (abstract)
Berardi A., Rossi C., Guidotti I., et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Dec; 33(12): 1211-5.

​Factors Associated with Intrapartum Transmission of Group B Streptococcus. (abstract)
Berardi et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Jul 16.
“Heavy maternal colonization, intrapartum fever, African ethnicity and lack of IAP exposure were associated with GBS transmission in neonates born to women who tested positive on admission. Low rates of NC were found among IAP exposed neonates irrespective of IAP duration.”

Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus. (abstract)
Tudela et al. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9032, USA. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;119(3):626-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824532f6.

Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis failure and group-B streptococcus early-onset disease. (abstract)
Berardi A., Lugli L., Rossi C., et al. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Oct; 24(10): 1221-4. 

​Diminishing Racial Disparities in Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease --- United States, 2000--2003
MMWR June 18, 2004 / 53(23);502-505

Transmission of Group B Streptococcus in late-onset neonatal disease: a narrative review of current evidence.
Miselli F, Frabboni I, Di Martino M, et al. Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease. 2022;9. doi:10.1177/20499361221142732

Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Late-Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Karampatsas K, Davies H, Mynarek M, Andrews N, Heath PT, Le Doare K. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 11:ciac206. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac206. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35275986.

Understanding Factors in Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease. Infection and drug resistance
Berardi, A., Trevisani, V., Di Caprio, A., Bua, J., China, M., Perrone, B., Pagano, R., Lucaccioni, L., Fanaro, S., Iughetti, L., Lugli, L., & Creti, R. (2021), 14, 3207–3218. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S291511

​​Is It Just Water Under the Bridge? An Eight-Day-Old With Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection After Water Birth
Solt, S. A., Smith, R. L., Pirzadeh, A., Belhorn, T., & Zwemer, E. (2020). Cureus, 12(6), e8614. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8614

​Group B streptococcus late-onset disease, contaminated breast milk and mothers persistently GBS negative: report of 3 cases
Nicolini, G., Borellini, M., Loizzo, V., Creti, R., Memo, L., & Berardi, A. (2018). BMC pediatrics, 18(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1192-x

The Many Faces of Late Onset Group B Streptococcus Infection. J Pediatric Infection
Dudek CJ, Shah C, Zayas J, et al.  Dis. 2016, 1:2. doi: 10.21767/2573-0282.100014
​
Late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with breast milk transmission: molecular typing using RAPD-PCR. 
Brandolini M., Corbella M., Cambieri P., et al. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar; 90 Suppl 1:S84-6.

Mothers a common source of infection in late-onset GBS
Morven S. Edwards, MD. February 2013. Infectious Disease in Children. 

Group B Streptococcus Late-Onset Disease: 2003–2010 (Full Article)
Alberto Berardi, MD,a Cecilia Rossi, MD,a Licia Lugli, MD,a Roberta Creti, PhD,b et. all, American Academy of Pediatrics Vol. 131 No. 2 February 1, 2013 pp. e361 -e368 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1231)

Horizontal transmission of group B streptococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit.
Morinis J., Shah J., Murthy P., et al. Paediatr Child Health. 2011 Jun-Jul; 16(6): e48-e50.

Late and ultra late onset Streptococcus B meningitis: clinical and bacteriological data over 6 years in France. (abstract)
Guilbert J et al. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Jan;99(1):47-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01510.x.
“These data suggest that LOD and ULOD would be the same clinical and bacteriological entity, except for prematurity, which seems significantly associated with ULOD.”

​Late-onset group B streptococcal disease by infected mother’s milk detected by polymerase chain reaction. (abstract) (.pdf version)
Lanari M, Serra L, Cavrini F, Liguori G, Sambri V.,Department of Paediatrics, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital, Imola, Italy. New Microbiol. 2007 Jul;30(3):253-4.

Recurrent Group B Streptococcus Neonatal Invasive Infections, France, 2007–2021
Ghalia Sbaa, Nicolas Delettre, Cécile Guyonnet, Sébastien Le Huu Nghia, Caroline Joubrel-Guyot, Céline Plainvert, Claire Poyart, Asmaa Tazi, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2024;, jiae307, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae307

Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease With Recurrence and in Multiples: Towards a Better Understanding of GBS Late-Onset Sepsis
Mirjam Freudenhammer, et al. Front. Immunol., 02 June 2021 Sec. Immunological Memory
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.617925

The first case of recurrent ultra late onset group B streptococcal sepsis in a 3-year-old child.
Hosoda, A., Gatayama, R., Moriyama, S., Ishii, N., Yamada, K., Matsuzaki, Y., & Shinjoh, M. (2016). IDCases, 7, 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2016.11.007

​Recurrent neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk.
Wang LY, Chen CT, Liu WH, Wang YH. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jul;46(6):547-9.

Prevention of recurrent fetal death in utero due to group b streptococcal chorioamnionitis. 
Jones S., Athan E., Viggers J. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004, 44: 356-357. 

Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission. (abstract)
Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A,  Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350. [email protected]
Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):251-6. Epub 2003 Apr 14.

A 5-Year Review of Recurrent Group B Streptococcal Disease: Lessons from Twin Infants
Edina H. Moylett. Marisol Fernandez. Marcia A. Rench. Melissa E. Hickman, Carol J. Baker
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 30, Issue 2, 1 February 2000, Pages 282–287, https://doi.org/10.1086/313655

Recurrent group B streptococcal infections in infants: clinical and microbiologic aspects.
Green PA, Singh KV, Murray BE, Baker CJ. J Pediatr. 1994 Dec;125(6 Pt 1):931-8.

Antibiotic Management of Miscarriages Associated with Group B Streptococcus Genital Tract Infection
​Attila Toth, MD. Clinical Associate Professor, New York Hospital – Presbyterian Medical Center. Case Reports. ​

Pediatric sepsis cases diagnosed with group B streptococcal meningitis using next-generation sequencing: a report of two cases
Horiba, K., Suzuki, M., Tetsuka, N. et al. BMC Infect Dis 21, 531 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06231-3

Group B Streptococcal Neonatal Meningitis
Tavares T, Pinho L, Bonifácio Andrade E. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2022 Feb 16;35(2):e0007921. doi: 10.1128/cmr.00079-21. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35170986; PMCID: PMC8849199.

Identification of a novel cationic glycolipid in Streptococcus agalactiae that contributes to brain entry and meningitis
Joyce LR, Manzer HS, da C Mendonça J, Villarreal R, Nagao PE, Doran KS, Palmer KL, Guan Z. PLoS Biol. 2022 Feb 18;20(2):e3001555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001555. PMID: 35180210; PMCID: PMC8893666.

Clinical and Laboratory Features of Group B Streptococcus Meningitis in Infants and Newborns: Study of 848 Cases in France, 2001–2014
Anne-Sophie Romain, Robert Cohen, Céline Plainvert, Caroline Joubrel, Stéphane Béchet, Amélie Perret, Asmaa Tazi, Claire Poyart, Corinne Levy, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 66, Issue 6, 15 March 2018, Pages 857–864, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix896

Group B Streptococcal infection and activation of human astrocytes.
Stoner TD., Weston TA., Trejo J., et al. PLoS One. 2015. June 1;10 (6): e0128431. 

Identification of a group B streptococcal fibronectin binding protein, SfbA, that contributes to invasion of brain endothelium and development of meningitis.
Mu R., Kim BJ., Paco C., et al. Infect Immun. 2014 Jun; 82(6):2276-86. ​

​Evaluation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and memory in adult rats survivors of the neonatal meningitis by Streptococcus agalactiae.
Barichello T., Lemos JC., Generoso JS., et al. Brain Res Bull. 2013 Mar; 92:56-9. ​

​Group B streptococcal meningitis in a 10 month old infant – is it different from GBS meningitis during early infancy?
Jamalpuri V, Bragonier R. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2012;97:A18-A19.

Binding of glycoprotein Srr1 of Streptococcus agalactiae to fibrinogen promotes attachment to brain endothelium and the development of meningitis.
Seo HS., Mu R., Kim BJ., et al. PLoS Pathog. 2012; 8(10): e1002947.
​
Group B Streptococcus surface proteins as major determinants for meningeal tropism.
Tazi A., Bellais S., Tardiex I., et al. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012 Feb; 15(1): 44-9.

Host cytosolic phospholipase A₂α contributes to group B Streptococcus penetration of the blood-brain barrier.
Maruvada R., Zhu L., Pearce D., et al. Infect Immun. 2011 Oct; 79(10): 4088-93. 

The surface protein HvgA mediates group B streptococcus hypervirulence and meningeal tropism in neonates.
Tazi A., Disson O., Bellais S., et al. J Exp Med. 2010 Oct 25; 207(11): 2312-22. 

The group B streptococcal serine-rich repeat 1 glycoprotein mediates penetration of the blood-brain barrier.
Van Sorge NM., Quach D., Gurney MA., et al. J Infect Dis. 2009 May 15; 199(10): 1479-87. 

Cerebellar injury in term infants: clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and outcome.
Limperopoulos C., Robertson RL., Sullivan NR., et al. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Jul; 41(1):1-8. 

Bacterial meningitis in infants: the epidemiology, clinical features, and prognostic factors.
Chang CJ., Chang WN., Huang LT., et al. Brian Dev. 2004 Apr; 26(3): 168-75.

Group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin/cytolysin activates neutrophil signaling pathways in brain endothelium and contributes to development of meningitis.
Doran KS., Liu GY., Nizet V. J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep; 112(5): 736-44. 

Late-onset group B streptococcal infection in identical twins: insight to disease pathogenesis.
Doran KS., Benoit VM., Gertz RE., et al. J Perinatol. 2002 Jun; 22(4): 326-30. 

Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh
Chowdhury KIA, Jabeen I, Rahman M, Faruque ASG, Alam NH, Ali S, Ahmed T, Fuchs GJ, Duke T, Gyr N, Sarma H. Arch Dis Child. 2022 May;107(5):436-440. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-321993. Epub 2021 Sep 15. PMID: 34526294.

Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Culture-Proven or So-Called Culture-Negative Sepsis in Preterm Infants
Bedetti L, Corso L, Miselli F, Guidotti I, Toffoli C, Miglio R, Roversi MF, Muttini EdC, Pugliese M, Bertoncelli N, et al. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(4):1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041140

Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome after invasive group B streptococcal infection in infants
Maren Mynarek, Torstein Vik, Guro L. Andersen, Anne K.Brigtsen, Sandra Julsen Hollung, Tricia L. Larose, Stian Lydersen, Lene C.Olsen, Marianne S. Strøm, Jan E. Afset, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, June 2023.

Long-term Risk of Epilepsy Following Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease in Neonates in Denmark
Lykke MR, Sørensen HT, Lawn JE, Horváth-Puhó E. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e239507. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9507

Incidence of invasive Group B Streptococcal infection and the risk of infant death and cerebral palsy: a Norwegian Cohort Study.
Mynarek M, Bjellmo S, Lydersen S, Afset JE, Andersen GL, Vik T. Pediatr Res. 2021 May;89(6):1541-1548. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-1092-2. Epub 2020 Jul 29. Erratum in: Pediatr Res. 2022 Aug;92(2):612. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01887-8. PMID: 32726797; PMCID: PMC8660635.

​Group B Streptococcal Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years
Karen M Puopolo, MD, PhD, Sagori Mukhopadhyay, MD, MMSc, Nellie I Hansen, MPH, Dustin D Flannery, DO, MSCE, Rachel G Greenberg, MD, MB, MHS, Pablo J Sanchez, MD, Edward F Bell, MD, Sara B DeMauro, MD, MSCE, Myra H Wyckoff, MD, Eric C Eichenwald, MD, Barbara J Stoll, MD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022;, ciac222, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac222

​Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes after invasive Group B Streptococcus in early infancy: A multi-country matched cohort study in South Africa, Mozambique, India, Kenya, and Argentina
P Paul, J Chandna, SR Procter, et al. EClinicalMedicine (2022). published online April 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101358

Every Country, Every Family: Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide
Volume 74, Issue Supplement_1, 15 January 2022

Infectious Disorders, Adrenal Glands. Diagnostic Pathology: Endocrine.
Nosé V. 2018:414–7. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-52480-3.50079-2. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PMCID: PMC7455170.

Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Children After Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Maya Kohli-Lynch, Neal J Russell, Anna C Seale, Ziyaad Dangor, Cally J Tann, Carol J Baker, et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue suppl_2, 15 November 2017, Pages S190–S199, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix663

Acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae infection: a case report
Akuzawa N, Yokota T, Suzuki T, Kurabayashi M. Clin Case Rep. 2017 Jun 19;5(8):1238-1242. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1048. PMID: 28781832; PMCID: PMC5538065.

A sexually dichotomous, autistic-like phenotype is induced by Group B Streptococcus maternofetal immune activation.
Allard MJ, Bergeron JD, Baharnoori M, et al. Autism Res. 2016 May 25.

Long-term outcomes of group B streptococcal meningitis.
Libster R., Edwards KM., Levent F., et al. Pediatrics. 2012 Jul; 130(1): e8-15. 

DIABETES INSIPIDUS AS A COMPLICATION OF NEONATAL GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS.
MacGilvray, Scott S. M.D.; Billow, Michael D.O. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 9(10):p 742, October 1990. ​​

Association between group B streptococcus positivity and maternal infectious morbidity
Jennifer A. McCoy, Kira A. Bromwich, Kristin D. Gerson, Lisa D. Levine. VOLUME 228, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S490-S491, JANUARY 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.844
​
Group B streptococcal infection in pregnant individuals
Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, Lawrence C. Madoff, MD. UpToDate

Maternal Disease With Group B Streptococcus and Serotype Distribution Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. Hall J, Adams NH, Bartlett L, Seale AC, Lamagni T, Bianchi-Jassir F, Lawn JE, Baker CJ, Cutland C, Heath PT, Ip M, Le Doare K, Madhi SA, Rubens CE, Saha SK, Schrag S, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A, Vekemans J, Gravett MG.  Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 6;65(suppl_2):S112-S124.

Please also see Articles and Abstracts on Vaginitis and GBS

Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

Group B Streptococcus and diabetes: Finding the sweet spot
Keogh RA, Doran KS (2023). PLoS Pathog 19(2): e1011133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011133
​

Duration of severe and moderate symptoms in pharyngitis by cause
Duración de los síntomas graves y moderados en la faringitis según la etiología
Moragas A, Sarvisé C, Gómez F, Picó-Plana E, Crispi S, Llor C. Aten Primaria 2024 Jun 13;56(11):102994. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2024.102994. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38875835.

Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis.
Chretien JH, McGinniss CG, Thompson J, Delaha E, Garagusi VF. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Sep;10(3):263-6. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.3.263-266.1979. PMID: 385614; PMCID: PMC273149.
​

​Please also see Articles and Abstracts on GBS in Adultswww.groupbstrepinternational.org/gbs-medical-articles-and-abstracts.html#GBSadults
​Please also see Articles and Abstracts on Vaginitis and GBS.

The success of vaginal birth by use of trans-labial ultrasound plus vaginal examination and vaginal examination only in pregnant women with labor induction: a comparative study.
Nouri-Khasheh-Heiran, E., Montazeri, A., Conversano, F. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05324-4

Cervical Exam at the End of Pregnancy: Learn what the exam can (and cannot) tell you about impending labor
By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH. Updated on June 14, 2021. VeryWell Family. Medically reviewed by Rachel Gurevich, RN
​
The correlation between the number of vaginal examinations during active labor and febrile morbidity, a retrospective cohort study
Gluck O, et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. , Volume 20, Article number: 246 (2020).

The Myth of the Vaginal Exam
Website article at About.com by Robin Elise Weiss, LCCE. (2019)
“Vaginal exams can increase the risks of infection, even when done carefully and with sterile gloves, etc. It pushes the normal bacteria found in the vagina upwards towards the cervix. There is also increased risk of rupturing the membranes.”

Is meconium passage a risk factor for maternal infection in term pregnancies? (abstract)
Jazayeri A, Jazayeri MK, Sahinler M, Sincich T. Obstet Gynecol. 99(4):548-52. 2002.
“Meconium passage increases the risk of postpartum endometritis but not chorioamnionitis. Length of labor, internal monitoring, and number of vaginal exams are risk factors for chorioamnionitis.“

Cervical Manipulations Linked to Perinatal Sepsis: Consider GBS-specific Chemoprophylaxis (Eight Case Reports)
Kathryn DeMott. OB/GYN News, Oct 15, 2001.
“Obstetricians may want to reconsider doing elective cervical manipulation, at least on patients who have cervical vaginal infection or colonization with potential perinatal pathogens. They may also want to consider providing GBS-specific chemoprophylaxis before membrane stripping.”
​
The microbiologic effect of digital cervical examination. (abstract)
Imseis HM, Trout WC, Gabbe SG. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 180(3 Pt 1):578-80. 1999.
“An immediate effect of digital examination is the introduction of vaginal organisms into the cervical canal.“

​Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intraamniotic infection. (abstract)
Riggs JW, Blanco JD. Semin Perinatol. 22(4):251-9. 1998.
“There is no clearly established means for the prevention of IAI, but cervical examinations and cervical manipulation can increase the risk, so caution with their use is still warranted.”

International Multicentre Term Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Study: evaluation of predictors of clinical chorioamnionitis and postpartum fever in patients with prelabor rupture of membranes at term. (abstract)
Seaward PG, Hannah ME, Myhr TL, Farine D, Ohlsson A, Wang EE, Haque K, Weston JA, Hewson SA, Ohel G, Hodnett ED. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177(5):1024-9. 1997.
“Increasing numbers of digital vaginal examinations, longer duration of active labor, and meconium staining of the amniotic fluid were the most important risk factors for the development of clinical chorioamnionitis in women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.“

Characterization and control of intraamniotic infection in an urban teaching hospital. (abstract)
Soper DE, Mayhall CG, Froggatt JW. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 175(2):304-9; discussion 309-10. 1996.
“Risk factors (duration of ruptured membranes, use of internal monitoring, number of vaginal examinations) were similar in both term and preterm women with intraamniotic infection.”

Is meconium passage a risk factor for maternal infection in term pregnancies? (abstract)
Jazayeri A, Jazayeri MK, Sahinler M, Sincich T. Obstet Gynecol. 99(4):548-52. 2002.
“Meconium passage increases the risk of postpartum endometritis but not chorioamnionitis. Length of labor, internal monitoring, and number of vaginal exams are risk factors for chorioamnionitis.”

Characterization and control of intraamniotic infection in an urban teaching hospital.
Soper, D. E., Mayhall, C. G., & Froggatt, J. W. (1996). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 175(2), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70139-4

​Previous intra-amniotic infection as a risk factor for subsequent peripartal uterine infections. (abstract)
Dinsmoor MJ, Gibbs RS.
Obstet Gynecol. 74(3 Pt 1):299-301. 1989. “Those patients who did develop recurrent intra-amniotic infection had significantly longer labors, duration of ruptured membranes, and duration of internal monitoring, and an increased number of vaginal examinations.“

Risk factors for intraamniotic infection: a prospective epidemiologic study. (abstract)
Soper DE, Mayhall CG, Dalton HP. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 161(3):562-6; discussion 566-8. 1989.
“The clinical diagnosis of intraamniotic infection was made in  (10.5%) patients. Patients with intraamniotic infection were younger, of lower gravidity and parity, more likely to require oxytocin augmentation, and more likely to be monitored internally than were patients who were not infected. They also had longer durations of labor, ruptured membranes, and hospitalization before delivery, had significantly more vaginal examinations, and were more likely to be delivered of infants by cesarean section, as compared with patients without infection. Logistic regression analysis identified four variables independently associated with intraamniotic infection: the number of vaginal examinations, duration of ruptured membranes, use of internal monitors, and duration of total labor.“
​
Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intra-amniotic infection. (abstract)
Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Apr;73(4):571-5.
“…among patients meeting risk criteria, parity, duration of internal monitoring, and duration of membrane rupture were the significant risk factors for intra-amniotic infection.“

New evidence indicates early induction of labour may reduce inequalities in pregnancy outcomes
21 July 2023 | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

The success of vaginal birth by use of trans-labial ultrasound plus vaginal examination and vaginal examination only in pregnant women with labor induction: a comparative study.
Nouri-Khasheh-Heiran, E., Montazeri, A., Conversano, F. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05324-4

Maternal Colonization With Group B Streptococcus and the Risk for Infection After Cervical Ripening With a Transcervical Foley Catheter
Ben-David, A., Meyer, R., Regev, N., & Mazaki-Tovi, S. (2021). Obstetrics and gynecology, 137(4), 662–663. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004306

​The impact of induction of labor at 39 weeks in low-risk women on the incidence of stillbirth
Po' G, Oliver EA, Reddy UM, Silver RM, Berghella V. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jan;222(1):88-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.032. Epub 2019 Sep 20. PMID: 31545942.

Membrane Sweeping in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Positive Patients​
Jennifer Keller, George Washington University. February 15, 2013

​Methods of induction of labour: a systematic review. (abstract)
Mozurkewich EL, Chilimigras JL, Berman DR, Perni UC, Romero VC, King VJ, Keeton KL.
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011 Oct 27;11:84. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-84.

​Maternal colonization with Group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: The role of induction in labor. (abstract)
Hannah, Mary E. MD,CM, et. al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177:780-785. 1997.
“RESULTS: Group B streptococci were predictive of neonatal infection for the induction with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and expectant groups but not for the induction with oxytocin group. For women positive for group B streptococci the rates of neonatal infection were 2.5% for the induction with oxytocin group and > 8% for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin may be preferable for group B streptococci-positive women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.”

The Historical Practice of “Membrane Sweep” to Initiate Labour: Does it Have a Role in Contemporary Obstetric Practice?​ 
Sukumaran S, Chandraharan E. Glob J Reprod Med. 2021; 8(2): 5556733.
​​
Membrane sweeping for induction of labour
Finucane EM, Murphy DJ, Biesty LM, Gyte GML, Cotter AM, Ryan EM, Boulvain M, Devane D (2020). Cochrane. 

Membrane Sweeping in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Positive Patients​
Jennifer Keller, George Washington University. February 15, 2013

​Cervical Manipulations Linked to Perinatal Sepsis: Consider GBS-specific Chemoprophylaxis (Eight Case Reports)
Kathryn DeMott. OB/GYN News, Oct 15, 2001.
“Obstetricians may want to reconsider doing elective cervical manipulation, at least on patients who have cervical vaginal infection or colonization with potential perinatal pathogens. They may also want to consider providing GBS-specific chemoprophylaxis before membrane stripping.”

​Group B Streptococcus. (abstract)
Anne Schuchat MD. The Lancet; 353: 51-6. 1999
“Birth practices differ substantially around the world, and home births and less invasive procedures during hospital births might limit the risk of GBS sepsis in the newborn.”

Maternal colonization with Group B Streptococcus and prelabor rupture of membranes at term: The role of induction in labor. (abstract)
Hannah, Mary E. MD,CM, et. al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177:780-785. 1997.
“RESULTS: Group B streptococci were predictive of neonatal infection for the induction with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and expectant groups but not for the induction with oxytocin group. For women positive for group B streptococci the rates of neonatal infection were 2.5% for the induction with oxytocin group and > 8% for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin may be preferable for group B streptococci-positive women with prelabor rupture of membranes at term.”

Group B Strep: A Patient/Provider Approach for Optimizing Care
James McGregor, MDCM “Research has been done showing that both labor contractions and manual or digital examinations by care providers can actually move infectious vaginal fluid through the mouth of the womb.”

The success of vaginal birth by use of trans-labial ultrasound plus vaginal examination and vaginal examination only in pregnant women with labor induction: a comparative study.
Nouri-Khasheh-Heiran, E., Montazeri, A., Conversano, F. et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05324-4

Accuracy of non-invasive methods for assessing the progress of labor in the first stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pan, W. L., Chen, L. L., & Gau, M. L. (2022). BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 22(1), 608. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04938-y

Transvaginal Ultrasound — Applications in the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy
Lim BH. BMUS Bulletin. 2000;8(1):22-25. doi:10.1177/1742271X0000800106

​Holding a baby after stillbirth: the impact of fetal congenital and structural abnormalities. 
Cersonsky, T.E.K., Pinar, H., Silver, R.M. et al.  J Perinatol (2022).
​https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-022-01480-9

Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)
Vanessa N Raabe, Andi L Shane. Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Mar 22;7(2):10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0007-2018. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0007-2018

Streptococcus Group B
Hanna M, Noor A. [Updated 2023 Jan 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

Updates on Group B Streptococcus Infection in the Field of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Choi Y, Han H-S, Chong GO, Le TM, Nguyen HDT, Lee OE, Lee D, Seong WJ, Seo I, Cha H-H. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(12):2398. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122398

Group B streptococcal disease in the mother and newborn-- A review
​PJ Steer et al. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Available online 15 June 2020

Group B Streptococcal Disease: From Trials and Tribulations to Triumph and Trepidation
Anne Schuchat, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 33, Issue 6, 15 September 2001, Pages 751–756, https://doi.org/10.1086/322697

Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States: Shifting Paradigms
Anne Schuchat. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Jul; 11(3): 497–513.

Specific Bacterial Infections: Group B Streptococcus.
David A. Eschenbach, MD. The Global Library of Women’s Medicine

Two novel functions of hyaluronidase from Streptococcus agalactiae are enhanced intracellular survival and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression.
Wang Z., Guo C., Xu Y., et al. Infect Immun. 2014 Jun; 82(6): 2615-25.

Human Streptococcus agalactiae Isolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Evans J. J., Klesius P.H., Pasnik D. J., et al. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009 May; 15(5): 774-6. ​

Infections with Group B Streptococci
D'apres. Public Health Laboratory Service and/et British Medical Journal, 23 March, 1973, 1,428.

Occult group B streptococcal infection: An important cause of intrauterine asphyxia. 
Peevy KJ., Chalhub EG. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 15, Aug. 1983. Volume 146, Issue 8, 989-990. 

Infections with Group B Streptococci
Elias G. Chalhub, M.D. D'apres. Public Health Laboratory Service and/et British Medical Journal, 23 March, 1973, 1,428.

Placental lesions associated with stillbirth by gestational age, according to feature importance: Results from the stillbirth collaborative research network
Tess E.K. Cersonsky, Rose K. Cersonsky, George R. Saade, Robert M. Silver, Uma M. Reddy, Robert L. Goldenberg, Donald J. Dudley, Halit Pinar. Placenta, Volume 137, June 2023, Pages 59-64.

Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens 
Marcus C. de Goffau, et al. (2019) Nature: International Journal of Science

​Notes from the Field: Late-Onset Infant Group B Streptococcus Infection Associated with Maternal Consumption of Capsultes Containing Dehydrated Placenta
​Buser GL, Mató S, Zhang AY, Metcalf BJ, Beall B, Thomas AR. Notes from the Field: Late-Onset Infant Group B Streptococcus Infection Associated with Maternal Consumption of Capsules Containing Dehydrated Placenta — Oregon, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:677–678. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6625a4

The role of the placenta in feto-neonatal infections. (abstract)
Spinillo A, Iacobone AD, Calvino IG, Alberi I, Gardella B. Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar;90 Suppl 1:S7-9. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(14)70003-9.

The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome. (abstract)
Kjersti Aagaard et al. Sci Transl Med. 21 May 2014:  Vol. 6, Issue 237, p. 237ra65 Sci. Transl. Med. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599″>10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599
​
Study Sees Bigger Role for Placenta in Newborns’ Health
Denise Grady. New York Times, May 21, 2014
“A study led by Dr. Kjersti Aagaard found that the placenta has its own microbiome that may help shape the health of an infant.”

A hemolytic pigment of Group B Streptococcus allows bacterial penetration of human placenta. (abstract and link to full text)
Whidbey C et al. J Exp Med. 2013 Jun 3;210(6):1265-81. doi: 10.1084/jem.20122753. Epub 2013 May 27.

Dr. Harvey Kliman, working with his father, mathematician Merwin Kliman, has developed a technique to measure Estimated Placental Volume (EPV) during pregnancy. This information has the potential to improve patients' prenatal care and pregnancy outcomes, as small placentas can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, and in severe cases, even intrauterine fetal demise.​ View Resources 

Optimal timing of near‐term delivery in different ethnicities: a national cohort study
BM Kazemier, ACJ Ravelli, CJM de Groot, BWJ Mol. Accepted 9 May 2014. Published Online 3 July 2014.

Does gestation vary by ethnic group? A London-based study of over 122 000 pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labour
Roshni R Patel, Philip Steer, Pat Doyle, Mark P Little, Paul Elliott, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 33, Issue 1, February 2004, Pages 107–113

Challenging Providers To Look Within Themselves: A New Tool To Reduce Bias In Maternity Care
Health Affairs Blog, July 6, 2021. DOI: 10.1377/hblog20210630.980773

Racial disparities in intrapartum group B Streptococcus colonization: a higher incidence of conversion in African American women
Spiel MH, Hacker MR, Haviland MJ, et al. J Perinatol. 2019;39(3):433-438. doi:10.1038/s41372-018-0308-3

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization and Disease among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study
James M. Edwards et al. 03 Feb 2019

​Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

​Racial disparities in the risk of neonatal group B streptococcal disease
Melissa Spiel, Miriam J. Haviland, Elizabeth Roberts, Bethany Mulla, Michele R. Hacker, Brett C. Young (2017)

​Diminishing Racial Disparities in Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease --- United States, 2000--2003
MMWR June 18, 2004 / 53(23);502-505

Are Mikvehs Responsible for GBS Carriers among Orthodox Jewish Women?—A Prospective Observational Study
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology > Vol.10 No.7, July 2020. DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2020.1070086 

Obstetric providers:
Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns.
This June 2019 Committee Opinion from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)’s replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Pediatric providers:
Management of Infants at Risk for Group B Streptococcal Disease.
This July 2019 clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Additionally, in late 2018, AAP released guidance that pertains to management of infants with suspected or proven early-onset sepsis.

Laboratorians:
Guidelines for the Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococcus. This July 2021 guideline from the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) replaces the 2010 guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."

Prevention of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Newborns.
Committee Opinion No. 485. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:XX–XX.

Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease. Revised Guidelines from CDC, 2010.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. November 19, 2010 / 59(RR10);1-32.

​Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease
Revised Guidelines from CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.August 16, 2002 / 51(RR11);1-22

The Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease.
Deborah Money and Victoria M. Allen.
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. No. 298, October 2013 (Replaces #149, September 2004).

Management of Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy.
Victoria M. Allen, Mark H. Yudin
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. 276 – Published May 2012
​
Antibiotic Therapy in Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes
Nancy Van Eyk, Mark H. Yudin, Julie van Schalkwyk
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. 233 – Published September 2009

The Streptococcus agalactiae LytSR two-component regulatory system promotes vaginal colonization and virulence in vivo.
AlQadeeb H, Baltazar M, Cazares A, Poonpanichakul T, Kjos M, French N, Kadioglu A, O'Brien M. Microbiol Spectr. 2024 Nov 5;12(11):e0197024. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01970-24. Epub 2024 Oct 14. PMID: 39400158; PMCID: PMC11537067.

Current research update on group B streptococcal infection related to obstetrics and gynecology
Liu Y, Ai H. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jun 17;15:1395673. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1395673. PMID: 38953105; PMCID: PMC11215423.

A group B streptococcal type VII-secreted LXG toxin mediates interbacterial competition and colonization of the murine female genital tract.
Job AM, Doran KS, Spencer BL.0. mBio0:e02088-24.https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02088-24

Placental Streptococcus agalactiae DNA is associated with neonatal unit admission and foetal pro-inflammatory cytokines in term infants
Gaccioli, F., Stephens, K., Sovio, U. et al. Nat Microbiol 8, 2338–2348 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01528-2

Meeting report: Towards better risk stratification, prevention and therapy of invasive GBS disease, ESPID research meeting May 2022
Snoek, L., Karampatsas, K., Bijlsma, M. W., Henneke, P., Jauneikaite, E., Khan, U. B., Zadoks, R. N., & Le Doare, K. (2023). Vaccine, 41(42), 6137–6142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.014

The impact of nutritional immunity on Group B streptococcal pathogenesis during wound infection
Akbari, M. S., Keogh, R. A., Radin, J. N., Sanchez-Rosario, Y., Johnson, M. D. L., Horswill, A. R., Kehl-Fie, T. E., Burcham, L. R., & Doran, K. S. (2023). mBio, e0030423. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00304-23

Group B Streptococcus Drives Major Transcriptomic Changes in the Colonic Epithelium
Domínguez, K., Lindon, A. K., Gibbons, J., Darch, S. E., & Randis, T. M. (2023). Infection and immunity, 91(7), e0003523. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00035-23

Genomic Analysis Reveals New Integrative Conjugal Elements and Transposons in GBS Conferring Antimicrobial Resistance
Khan UB, Portal EAR, Sands K, Lo S, Chalker VJ, Jauneikaite E, Spiller OB. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(3):544. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030544

A Host AAA-ATPase Exhibits Bacteriolytic Activity for Clearance of Microbial Infection
Ghosh, Sourav and Roy, Suvapriya and Baid, Navin and Das, Udit Kumar and Hajra, Dipasree and Menon, Sneha and Sahil, Mohammad and Shaw, Sudipti and Rakshit, Sumit and Rajmani, Raju S. and Adicherla, Harikrishna and Mondal, Jagannath and Chakravortty, Dipshikha and Banerjee, Anirban. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4503771 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4503771

Group B Streptococcus Cas9 variants provide insight into programmable gene repression and CRISPR-Cas transcriptional effects
Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna, Gideon H. Hillebrand, VenkataH. Bhavana, Jordan L. Elder, Adonis D’Mello, Hervé Tettelin & Thomas A.Hooven, Communications Biology, June 2023.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: An Alternative for Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization in a Murine Experimental Model
Pierański MK, Kosiński JG, Szymczak K, Sadowski P, Grinholc M. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(4):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040847

Host inflammatory dynamics reveal placental immune modulation by Group B Streptococcus during pregnancy
F Kuperwaser, G Avital, MJ Vaz, KN Noble, AN Dammann, TM Randis,  DM Aronoff, AJ Ratner, I Yanai.  Mol Syst Biol. 2023 Mar 9;19(3):e11021.  doi: 10.15252/msb.202211021. Epub 2023 Feb 6.
​
Group B Streptococcus adaptation promotes survival in a hyperinflammatory diabetic wound environment
RA Keogh et al. Science Advances 11 Nov 2022 Vol 8, Issue 45

​Identification of a novel cationic glycolipid in Streptococcus agalactiae that contributes to brain entry and meningitis
Joyce LR, Manzer HS, da C Mendonça J, Villarreal R, Nagao PE, Doran KS, Palmer KL, Guan Z. PLoS Biol. 2022 Feb 18;20(2):e3001555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001555. PMID: 35180210; PMCID: PMC8893666.

Akt Inhibition Promotes Autophagy and Clearance of Group B Streptococcus from the Alveolar Epithelium
Pantazi, I., Papafragkos, I., Kolliniati, O., Lapi, I., Tsatsanis, C., & Vergadi, E. (2022). Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101134
​
Streptococcus agalactiae cadD Is Critical for Pathogenesis in the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella Model
Guevara, M et al. ACS Infect. Dis. November 29, 2022,

A Novel Conserved Protein in Streptococcus agalactiae, BvaP, Is Important for Vaginal Colonization and Biofilm Formation  
Thomas LS, Cook LC. Bacteriology. Research Article, 11 October 2022.

Streptococcus agalactiae cadD alleviates metal stress and promotes intracellular survival in macrophages and ascending infection during pregnancy.  Korir, M.L., Doster, R.S., Lu, J. et al. Nat Commun 13, 5392 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32916-7

Group B streptococcal membrane vesicles induce proinflammatory cytokine production and are sensed in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism in human macrophages
Cole R. McCutcheon, Jennifer A. Gaddy, David M. Aronoff, Shannon D. Manning, Margaret G. Petroff
bioRxiv 2022.08.10.503555; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.10.503555

Group B Streptococcus-Induced Macropinocytosis Contributes to Bacterial Invasion of Brain Endothelial Cells
Espinal ER, Matthews T, Holder BM, et al. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):474. Published 2022 Apr 15. doi:10.3390/pathogens11040474

A recombinant alpha-like protein subunit vaccine (GBS-NN) provides protection in murine models of Group B Streptococcus infection
Brokaw A, Nguyen S, Quach P, Orvis A, Furuta A, Johansson-Lindbom B, Fischer PB, Rajagopal L. J Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 16:jiac148. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac148. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35429401.

Genome-Wide fitness analysis of group B Streptococcus in human amniotic fluid reveals a transcription factor that controls multiple virulence traitsAllison N. Dammann, Anna B. Chamby, Andrew J. Catomeris, Kyle M. Davidson, Hervé Tettelin, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna, Mary F. Keith, Jordan L. Elder, Adam J. Ratner, Thomas A. Hooven. Version 2 March 8, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009116

Mucosal Vaccination with Lactococcus lactis-Secreting Surface Immunological Protein Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Protection against Group B Streptococcus in a Murine Model
Diaz-Dinamarca, D. A., Hernandez, C., Escobar, D. F., Soto, D. A., Muñoz, G. A., Badilla, J. F., Manzo, R. A., Carrión, F., Kalergis, A. M., & Vasquez, A. E. (2020). Vaccines, 8(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020146

Modulation of death and inflammatory signaling in decidual stromal cells following exposure to Group B Streptococcus
Flaherty, Rebecca & Magel, Maja & Aronoff, David & Gaddy, Jennifer & Petroff, Margaret & Manning, Shannon. (2019). Infection and Immunity. 10.1128/IAI.00729-19. 

Study shows how Group B strep foils defenses in pregnancy
​Brian Donohue. News Beat, UW Health Sciences. 14, Oct. 2016. 

Inherited DOCK2 Deficiency in Patients with Early-Onset Invasive Infections.
​Dobbs K, Domínguez Conde C, Zhang SY, et al. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2409-2422June 18, 2015

Following maternal transmission, group B strep mutates to sicken infants.  
American Society for Microbiology. ScienceDaily. 19 Aug. 2015.

​Group B Streptococcus β-hemolysin/Cytolysin Breaches Maternal-Fetal Barriers to Cause Preterm Birth and Intrauterine Fetal Demise in Vivo. (abstract)
Tara M. Randis et al. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 210, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages 265–273, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu067
“Preterm birth and fetal demise are likely the direct result of toxin-induced damage and inflammation rather than differences in efficiency of ascension into the upper genital tract. These data demonstrate a distinct contribution of βH/C to GBS chorioamnionitis and subsequent fetal infection in vivo and showcase a model for this most proximal step in GBS pathogenesis.”

Choriodecidual group B streptococcal inoculation induces fetal lung injury without intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor in Macaca nemestrina.
Adams Waldorf KM et al. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28972. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028972. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
“A transient choriodecidual infection can induce cytokine production, which is associated with fetal lung injury without overt infection of amniotic fluid, chorioamnionitis or preterm labor. Fetal lung injury may, thus, occur silently without symptoms and before the onset of the fetal systemic inflammatory response syndrome.”

The impact of Lactobacillus on group B streptococcal interactions with cells of the extraplacental membranes​Shirodaa, M., Aronoff, D., Gaddy, J., Manninga,  S., Microbial Pathogenesis. Available online 21 August 2020, 104463​

Zooming in and out: a holistic framework for research on maternal, late foetal and newborn survival and health
Neha S Singh, Andrea K Blanchard, Hannah Blencowe, Adam D Koon, Ties Boerma, Sudha Sharma, Oona M R Campbell, on behalf of the Exemplars MNH research team, Health Policy and Planning, 2021;, czab148, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab148

A Novel Conserved Protein in Streptococcus agalactiae, BvaP, Is Important for Vaginal Colonization and Biofilm Formation  
Thomas LS, Cook LC. Bacteriology. Research Article, 11 October 2022.

Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies
Pieranski MK, Rychlowski M, Grinholc M. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1212. Published 2021 Sep 18. doi:10.3390/pathogens10091212

Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies
Pieranski MK, Rychlowski M, Grinholc M. Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1212. Published 2021 Sep 18. doi:10.3390/pathogens10091212

Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action
Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. Virulence. 2018 Jan 1;9(1):522-554. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372. PMID: 28362216; PMCID: PMC5955472.

Biofilms: An Underappreciated Mechanism of Treatment Failure and Recurrence in Vaginal Infections.
​Muzny CA, Schwebke JR. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 15;61(4):601-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ353. Epub 2015 May 1. PMID: 25935553; PMCID: PMC4607736.

Dual role for pilus in adherence to epithelial cells and biofilm formation in Streptococcus agalactiae
Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Mairey E, Mallet A, Duménil G, Caliot E, Trieu-Cuot P, Dramsi S. PLoS Pathog. 2009 May;5(5):e1000422. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000422. Epub 2009 May 8. PMID: 19424490; PMCID: PMC2674936

Serratiopeptidase: Insights into the therapeutic applications
Swati B.Jadhava, Neha Shahb, Ankit Rathiac, Vic Rathiac, Abhijit Rathia. Biotechnology Reports. Volume 28, December 2020, e00544​

Immune activation and suppression by group B streptococcus in a murine model of urinary tract infection
Kline, K. A., Schwartz, D. J., Lewis, W. G., Hultgren, S. J., & Lewis, A. L. (2011). Infection and immunity, 79(9), 3588–3595. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00122-11

Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Late-Onset Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Karampatsas K, Davies H, Mynarek M, Andrews N, Heath PT, Le Doare K. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 11:ciac206. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac206. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35275986.

​Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection
John M McLaughlin and others, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 224, Issue 7, 1 October 2021, Pages 1170–1178, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa110

​Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization and Disease among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study
Edwards, J. M., Watson, N., Focht, C., Wynn, C., Todd, C. A., Walter, E. B., Heine, R. P., & Swamy, G. K. (2019). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2019, 5430493. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5430493

​Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Infections in a Pregnant Adolescent Population
Akoh, C. C., Pressman, E. K., Cooper, E., Queenan, R. A., Pillittere, J., & O'Brien, K. O. (2017). Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 30(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.001

Risk factors for group B streptococcus colonization among pregnant women in Korea
Kim, E. J., Oh, K. Y., Kim, M. Y., Seo, Y. S., Shin, J. H., Song, Y. R., Yang, J. H., Foxman, B., & Ki, M. (2011). Epidemiology and health, 33, e2011010. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2011010

​Risk Factors for Group B Streptococcal Colonization: Potential for Different Transmission Systems by Capsular Type
Foxman B., Gillespie W., Manning S.D. et al. Ann Epidemiol. 2007 Nov; 17 (11): 854-862.
​
The effect of meconium staining of amniotic fluid on the growth of Escherichia coli and group B streptococcus
Eidelman AI, Nevet A, Rudensky B, Rabinowitz R, Hammerman C, Raveh D, Schimmel MS. J Perinatol. 2002 Sep;22(6):467-71. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210774. PMID: 12168124.

​Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimation of odds ratios by critical literature review.
Benitz WE, Gould JB, Druzin ML. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun;103(6):e77.

43: Effect of obesity on maternal and neonatal penicillin levels in women with Group B Streptococcus
Jennifer McCoy, Michal A. Elovitz, Hope Pappas, Nathanael C. Koepler, Mary D. Sammel, Lisa D. Levine. VOLUME 222, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S36-S37, JANUARY 01, 2020​ DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.059

Obesity Impacts Intrapartum Penicillin Dose for Group B Strep
Molly Walker, Associate Editor, MedPage Today February 9, 2020

Association Between Maternal Obesity and Group B Streptococcus Colonization in a National U.S. Cohort
Venkatesh KK, Vladutiu CJ, Strauss RA, Thorp JM, Stringer JSA, Stamilio DM, Hughes BL, Dotters-Katz S. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020 Dec;29(12):1507-1512. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8139. Epub 2020 May 4. PMID: 32364822; PMCID: PMC7757598.

Maternal obesity and the risk of group B streptococcal colonisation in pregnant women
Manzanares S, Zamorano M, Naveiro-Fuentes M, Pineda A, Rodríguez-Granger J, Puertas A. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019 Jul;39(5):628-632. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1552670. Epub 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30932731.

Maternal Obesity and Rectovaginal Group B Streptococcus Colonization at Term
Kleweis, S. M., Cahill, A. G., Odibo, A. O., & Tuuli, M. G. (2015). Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2015, 586767. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/586767

NO ASSOCIATION
Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Colonization and Potential for Transmission by Casual Contact in Healthy Young Men and Women. 
Shannon D. Manning, Katie Neighbors, Patricia A. Tallman, Brenda Gillespie, Carl F. Marrs, Stephanie M. Borchardt, Carol J. Baker, Mark D. Pearlman, Betsy Foxman. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 39, Issue 3, 1 August 2004, Pages 380–388, https://doi.org/10.1086/422321.
"... tampon use, or genital washing before or after sex were not associated with any GBS colonization."

ASSOCIATION OR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION
Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Male and Nonpregnant Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study
Sandra J. Bliss, Shannon D. Manning, Patricia Tallman, Carol J. Baker, Mark D. Pearlman, Carl F. Marrs, Betsy Foxman
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 34, Issue 2, 15 January 2002, Pages 184–190, https://doi.org/10.1086/338258
​"The crude association of tampon use with GBS (OR, 5.7) was statistically significant, but the sample size was too small to effectively control for confounding variables and to maintain statistical significance. Because tampon use is associated with colonization with other gram-positive organisms, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, it is possible that tampons facilitate GBS carriage."

Several factors influencing the colonization of group B streptococci--rectum probably the main reservoir
K Persson, B Bjerre, H Hansson, A Forsgren. Scand J Infect Dis. 1981;13(3):171-5. DOI: 10.3109/inf.1981.13.issue-3.03.
"The colonization rate of group B streptococci was also studied in 271 women using sanitary tampons and 129 women using sanitary towel. Those using tampons were significantly more often colonized." ​

Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women
Ramos, E., Gaudier, F. L., Hearing, L. R., Del Valle, G. O., Jenkins, S., & Briones, D. (1997). Obstetrics and gynecology, 89(2), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00489-9

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Pregnancy
Bank TC, Field C, Yee L, et al. VOLUME 230, ISSUE 2, SUPPLEMENT , S631-S632, FEBRUARY 2024
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.039

The risk of cardiovascular diseases after miscarriage, stillbirth, and induced abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Kyriacou H, Al-Mohammad A, Muehlschlegel C, Foster-Davies L, Bruco MEF, Legard C, Fisher G, Simmons-Jones F, Oliver-Williams C. Eur Heart J Open. 2022 Oct 5;2(5):oeac065. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeac065. PMID: 36330356; PMCID: PMC9617475.

Estimating the Burden of Infant Group B Streptococcus Disease in Ontario, Canada: a Population-Based Cohort Study
Fakhraei R, El-Chaar D, Sander B, Thampi N, Brown K, Fell D. (2024) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. VOLUME 230, ISSUE 2, SUPPLEMENT , S640, FEBRUARY 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.059

​20 million pregnant women with group B streptococcus carriage: consequences, challenges, and opportunities for prevention
Paul, P., Gonçalves, B. P., Le Doare, K., & Lawn, J. E. (2023). Current opinion in pediatrics, 35(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001223

​Diagnostic Performance of Various Methodologies for Group B Streptococcus Screening in Pregnant Woman in China
Gao, K., Deng, Q., Huang, L., Chang, C. Y., Zhong, H., Xie, Y., Guan, X., & Liu, H. (2021). Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 651968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.651968

Differences in maternal group B Streptococcus screening rates in Latin American countries
HogenEsch, E., De Mucio, B., Haddad, L. B., Vilajeliu, A., Ropero, A. M., Yildirim, I., & Omer, S. B. (2021). Vaccine, 39 Suppl 2, B3–B11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.082

​While waiting for a vaccine: opportunities for optimization of neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease prevention in Israel.
Waisman D, Gover A, Molad M, Kedar R, Rotschild A, Benitz WE. J Perinatol. 2019 Feb;39(2):331-338. doi: 10.1038/s41372-018-0289-2. Epub 2018 Dec 11. PMID: 30538325.

​Uncertainties in Screening and Prevention of Group B Streptococcus Disease
​Le Doare, K., Heath, P. T., Plumb, J., Owen, N. A., Brocklehurst, P., & Chappell, L. C. (2019). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 69(4), 720–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1069

​Group B Streptococcal Maternal Colonization and Neonatal Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Preventative Approaches
Patras, K. A., & Nizet, V. (2018). Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00027

​Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing
Parente, V., Clark, R. H., Ku, L., Fennell, C., Johnson, M., Morris, E., Romaine, A., Utin, U., Benjamin, D. K., Messina, J. A., Smith, P. B., & Greenberg, R. G. (2017). Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 37(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201

​Epidemiology of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection: implications for screening
Konrad, G., & Katz, A. (2007). Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 53(6), e.1–1054.

Opportunities for prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a multistate surveillance analysis. The Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease Study Group. 
NE Rosenstein, A Schuchat. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Dec;90(6):901-6.

A Population-Based Comparison of Strategies to Prevent Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Neonates
SJ Schrag et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002. ​

Intrapartum Management of Intraamniotic Infection
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice in collaboration with R. Phillips Heine, MD; American Academy of Pediatrics member Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD; Richard Beigi, MD; Neil S. Silverman, MD; and Yasser Y. El-Sayed, MD.

Fever in Pregnancy
Dr. D. Maharaj
​
Fever during labor may present risk to mother:Intrapartum fever triggered by bacterial infection may cause neonatal complications
September 28, 2017. American Friends of Tel Aviv University. A new study finds a link between the duration of fever during labor and maternal complications.

Intrapartum maternal fever and neonatal outcome.
Lieberman E, Lang J, Richardson DK, Frigoletto FD, Heffner LJ, Cohen A. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):8-13.

Maternal fever during labor--what does it mean?
Churgay CA, Smith MA, Blok B. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1994 Jan-Feb;7(1):14-24.

Characteristics of Afebrile Infants ≤60 Days of Age With Invasive Bacterial Infections
Wang ME, Neuman MI, Nigrovic LE, Pruitt CM, Desai S, DePorre AG, Sartori LF, Marble RD, Woll C, Leazer RC, Balamuth F, Rooholamini SN, Aronson PL; FEBRILE YOUNG INFANT RESEARCH COLLABORATIVE. Hosp Pediatr. 2021 Jan;11(1):100-105. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-002204. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PMID: 33318052; PMCID: PMC7769208.

Stillbirth: we can do better
Silver, Robert M. et al. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 231, Issue 2, 152 - 165

Preventing and Addressing Stillbirths Along the Continuum of Care: A Global Advocacy and Implementation Guide
"This action-focused guide brings together existing resources and practical guidance to inform planning, investments and programmes aimed at ending preventable stillbirths and improving care for all women and families who experience stillbirth. It also highlights case studies from a wide range of contexts to showcase what can be achieved.”

Placental lesions associated with stillbirth by gestational age, according to feature importance: Results from the stillbirth collaborative research network
Tess E.K. Cersonsky, Rose K. Cersonsky, George R. Saade, Robert M. Silver, Uma M. Reddy, Robert L. Goldenberg, Donald J. Dudley, Halit Pinar. Placenta, Volume 137, June 2023, Pages 59-64.

Stillbirths in Cameroon: an analysis of the 1998–2011 demographic and health surveys
Amani, A., Nansseu, J.R., Ndeffo, G.F. et al.. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22, 736 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04993-5

Microbial Analysis of Umbilical Cord Blood Reveals Novel Pathogens Associated with Stillbirth and Early Preterm Birth.
Vander Haar, E. L., Wu, G., Gyamfi-Bannerman, C., Thomas, C., Wapner, R. J., Reddy, U. M., Zhao, L., Silver, R. M., Goldenberg, R. L., & Han, Y. W. (2022). mBio, 13(5), e0203622. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02036-22

"Too much, too late": data on stillbirths to improve interpretation of caesarean section rates
Zethof S, Christou A, Benova L, van Roosmalen J, van den Akker T. Bull World Health Organ. 2022 Apr 1;100(4):289-291. doi: 10.2471/BLT.21.287539. Epub 2022 Feb 28. PMID: 35386563; PMCID: PMC8958836.

Stillbirth prevention and respectful bereavement care
24 August 2021. Cochrane Special Collections

Estimation of pregnancy losses attributable to exposure to ambient fine particles in south Asia: an epidemiological case-control study
Tao Xue, Tianjia Guan, Guannan Geng, Qiang Zhang, Yong Zhao, Tong Zhu. The Lancet. VOLUME 5, ISSUE 1, E15-E24, JANUARY 01, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30268-0

​A Neglected Tragedy: The global burden of stillbirths
October 2020

Accounting for Infectious Causes of Stillbirth in the U.S.
NEJM Journal Watch,  Anna Wald, MD, MPH. November 25, 2019.
​
The impact of induction of labor at 39 weeks in low-risk women on the incidence of stillbirth
Po' G, Oliver EA, Reddy UM, Silver RM, Berghella V. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jan;222(1):88-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.032. Epub 2019 Sep 20. PMID: 31545942.

2.6 MILLION REASONS TO INVEST IN STILLBIRTH ESTIMATES
Authors: Hannah Blencowe, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and Susannah Leisher, International Stillbirth Alliance on behalf of the Stillbirth Advocacy Working Group (SAWG), founded by World Health Organization’s Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. (Feb 2018)
​
How The Lancet mobilized scientists to tackle a silent scandal
Highlighting the data behind stillbirths to bring about change
Rosanna Armstrong - January 24, 2018

Stillbirth Rates Rise After 39-Week Rule
Caroline Helwick. Medscape Pediatrics. February 05, 2016.

Fetal Death: 'Unspecified' Tops List of Causes
​Molly Walker. MedPage Today. 2016 Nov. 02. 

Picturing health: stories of stillbirths.
Matthieu Zellweger. The Lancet. Volume 388, No. 10060, p2588-2599, 26 Nov 2016. 

Reductions in stillbirths—more than a triple return on investment
​Hoope-Bender P., Stenberg k., Sweeny K. World Health Organization. Volume 387, No. 10018, e14-e16, 6 Feb 2016.  

Triple return on investment:the cost and impact of 13 interventions that could prevent stillbirths and save the lives of mothers and babies in South Africa
​Michalow J., Chola L., McGee S., et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2015 Feb. 18. 15:39. 

Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth–a qualitative analysis.
​Maureen C Kelley and Susan B Trinidad.
BioMed Central Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2012 12:137.

Causes of death among stillbirths
Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. JAMA. 2011 Dec 14;306(22):2459-68. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1823. PMID: 22166605; PMCID: PMC4562291.

Proceedings of the Stillbirth Summit 2011
GBSI attended this eye-opening conference on the many causes of stillbirth. Dr. James A. McGregor’s presentation on “Infection and Inflammation” is included as well as presentations by top stillbirth researchers around the world.

Infectious Causes of Stillbirth: A Clinical Perspective.
McClure EM., Dudley DJ., Reddy U., et al. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep; 53(3): 635-645. 

The Challenge of Fetal Mortality 
MacDorman M, Kirmeyer S. The challenge of fetal mortality. NCHS data brief, no 16. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2009.
​
Prediction and prevention of recurrent stillbirth (abstract)
UM Reddy. Obstet Gynecol. 110(5):1151-64, November 2007.

The infectious origins of stillbirth
Goldenberg RL, Thompson C. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Sep;189(3):861-73. doi: 10.1067/s0002-9378(03)00470-8. PMID: 14526331.

Breaking the silence: Determining Prevalence and Understanding Stillbirth Stigma
Pollock DD, Pearson DE, Cooper DM, Ziaian APT, Foord C, Warland APJ. Midwifery. 2021 Feb;93:102884. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102884. Epub 2020 Nov 13. PMID: 33246144.

Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents’ and physicians’ experiences of stillbirth–a qualitative analysis
Kelley, M.C., Trinidad, S.B. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 12, 137 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-137

Communication, Training, and Debriefing After Stillbirth in U.S. Hospitals: A National Survey.
​Gold KJ, Boggs ME. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2024 Sep;33(9):1205-1210. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2024.0114. Epub 2024 Jun 6. PMID: 38842446.

Past time to implement a stillbirth bundle in the United States: saving babies’ lives now with what we know today
Cacciatore, Joanne et al. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Articles in Press. January 09, 2025

The acceptability of implementation of group B Streptococcus testing: Perspectives from women and health professionals in the GBS3 trial: A qualitative study
Georgina Constantinou a, Susan Ayers a, Eleanor J. Mitchell b, Kate F. Walker c, Soo Downe d, Ann-Marie Jones b, Sarah Moore b, Jane P. Daniels b, GBS3 Collaborative Group 1. Women and Birth. Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2024, 101832​

​Development of A Standardized Opsonophagocytosis Killing Assay for Group B Streptococcus and Assessment in an Interlaboratory Study 
Leung S, Collett CF, Allen L, Lim S, Maniatis P, Bolcen SJ, Alston B, Patel PY, Kwatra G, Hall T, Thomas S, Taylor S, Le Doare K, Gorringe A. Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Nov 9;11(11):1703. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11111703. PMID: 38006035; PMCID: PMC10675794.

Pediatric sepsis cases diagnosed with group B streptococcal meningitis using next-generation sequencing: a report of two cases
Horiba, K., Suzuki, M., Tetsuka, N. et al. BMC Infect Dis 21, 531 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06231-3

​Pediatric sepsis cases diagnosed with group B streptococcal meningitis using next-generation sequencing: a report of two cases
Kazuhiro Horiba, Michio Suzuki, Nobuyuki Tetsuka, Yoshihiko Kawano, Makoto Yamaguchi, Toshihiko Okumura, Takako Suzuki, Yuka Torii, Jun-ichi Kawada, Makoto Morita, Shinya Hara, Tomoo Ogi & Yoshinori Ito. ​BMC Infectious Diseases volume 21, Article number: 531 (2021).
​ 
Comparison of Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests and Culture for Detection of Group B Streptococcus from Enrichment Broth
Shin JH, Pride DT. J Clin Microbiol. 2019 Jun; 57(6): e01958-18.

Group B Streptococcus Screening and Treatment Adherence in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Opportunities for Improvement
Donna A. Santillan PhD, Alexander J Hubb MD, et al.  AJPM Focus, Volume 1, Issue 2, December 2022, 100028

Visual multiple cross displacement amplification for the rapid identification of S. agalactiae immediately from vaginal and rectal swabs
Cheng X, Dou Z, Yang J, Liu D, Gu Y, Cai F, Li X, Wang M, Tang Y. AMB Express. 2021 Jan 6;11(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s13568-020-01168-3. PMID: 33409835; PMCID: PMC7788142.

Comparison of the Panther Fusion and BD MAX GBS Assays for Detection of Group B Streptococcus in Prenatal Screening Specimens
Gregory J. Berry, Fan Zhang, Ryhana Manji, Stefan Juretschko. American Society for Microbiology Journals (2019) DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01034-19

Intrapartum group B Streptococcus screening using real-time polymerase chain reaction in Japanese population
Kei Tanaka, Mitsutoshi Iwashita, Miho Matsushima, Yuichi Wachi, Tomoko Izawa, Keiji Sakai & Yoichi Kobayashi. (2016) The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 29:1, 130-134. DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.989496

Assessment of Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Disease
Feng-Ying C. Lin et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Sep 2011; 30(9): 759–763. 

Intrapartum tests for group B streptococcus: accuracy and acceptability of screening. (abstract)
Daniels JP, Gary J, et. al. BJOG. 2011 Jan:118(2);257-65. 

​Third trimester group B streptococcus test doesn’t accurately predict presence during labor
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. “Third trimester group B streptococcus test doesn’t accurately predict presence during labor.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 February 2011.
“Many women are having different test results for Group B streptococcus between their routine third trimester screening and a rapid test performed at the time of labor."

Sensitivities of Antigen Detection and PCR Assays Greatly Increased Compared to That of the Standard Culture Method for Screening for Group B Streptococcus Carriage in Pregnant Women. 
Rallu F., Barriga P., Scrivo C., et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Mar; 44(3): 725-728.
​​
Maternal screening and treatment for group B streptococcus. (abstract)
James DC. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2001 Nov-Dec;30(6):659-66.

​Effect of specimen storage, antibiotics, and feminine hygiene products on the detection of group B Streptococcus by culture and the STREP B OIA test. (abstract)
Ostroff RM, Steaffens JW. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;22(3):253-9.
​
Panther Fusion® GBS Assay 
The Panther Fusion GBS assay is a real-time PCR assay to detect the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) from antepartum women.​

Xpert® GBS
​For direct intrapartum screening in labor/delivery.

GBS Test Kit
Free GBS test available for pregnant women in the UK. 

Strep B Rapid Test
The Strep B Rapid Test is a rapid visual immunoassay for the qualitative presumptive detection of Group B Streptococcal antigen in female vaginal swab.
​
​Nanologix
Rapid test solutions that detect active threat bacteria and other microorganisms 4x – 12x faster than traditional Petri culture technology

Lactobacilli in the female genital tract in relation to other genital microbes and vaginal pH. (abstract)
Rönnqvist PD, Forsgren-Brusk UB, Grahn-Håkansson EE.
Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå University, Sweden. [email protected]
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(6):726-35

​Self-care program testing for pregnant women.
Saling E., Luthje J., Schreiber M., et al. Erich Saling-Institute of Perinatal Medicine. 2005. 

The Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans Promotes Bladder Colonization of Group B Streptococcus 
Shing Samuel R., Ramos Anissa R., Patras Kathryn A., Riestra Angelica M., McCabe Sinead, Nizet Victor, Coady Alison. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 9, 2020. 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00437    

Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy: An Evidence-Based, Patient-Centered Approach to Care
Schafer R, Phillippi JC. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2020 May;65(3):376-381. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13085. Epub 2020 Feb 25. PMID: 32096338.

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):e83‐e110. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1121

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: Screening. 
US. Preventive Services Task Force. Sept. 24, 2019.
​
No. 276-Management of Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy
Allen VM, Yudin MH. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Feb;40(2):e181-e186. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.11.025. PMID: 29447722.

​Preterm Birth Associated With Group B Streptococcus Maternal Colonization Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.
Bianchi-Jassir F, Seale AC, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 6;65(suppl_2):S133-S142. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix661.
"From this review, there is evidence to suggest that preterm birth is associated with maternal GBS colonization, especially where there is evidence of ascending infection (bacteriuria)."

​Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.
Smaill FM, Vazquez JC. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD000490. Published 2015 Aug 7. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub3

Asymptomatic bacteriuria & obstetric outcome following treatment in early versus late pregnancy in north Indian women.
Jain, V., Das, V., Agarwal, A., & Pandey, A. (2013). The Indian journal of medical research, 137(4), 753–758.

Bacteruria with group-B streptococcus: is it a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes?
Kessous, R., Weintraub, A. Y., Sergienko, R., Lazer, T., Press, F., Wiznitzer, A., & Sheiner, E. (2012). The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(10), 1983–1986. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2012.671872

Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Newborn
BS Apgar, MD, MS; G Greenberg, MD, MA; and G YEN, MD. American Family Physician, March 1 2005
“Compared with infants born to lightly colonized women, those born to heavily colonized women have 2.5 times the risk of infection. Neonates born to mothers who have GBS bacteriuria at any time during pregnancy are known to be more frequently and more heavily colonized with GBS and are more likely to develop sepsis. Infections that occur in the first two days of life usually are caused by exposure to maternal organisms. Risk factors for neonatal transmission and infection are listed in Table 1. Compared with term newborns, preterm and low-birth-weight infants have increased rates of GBS sepsis.”

Antibiotic Elimination of Group-B Streptococci in Urine in Prevention of Preterm Labour (abstract)
AC Thomsen, L Morup, KB Hansen. The Lancet, 1(8533):591-593, 1987.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy with special reference to group B streptococci
Persson K, Christensen KK, Christensen P, Forsgren A, Jörgensen C, Persson PH. Scand J Infect Dis. 1985;17(2):195‐199. doi:10.3109/inf.1985.17.issue-2.11

​Smartphone, M.D.: App IDs Bacteria in Just One Hour
In a potential game changer for the healthcare industry, a new cell phone app and lab kit now allow a smartphone to identify bacteria from patients anywhere in the world.

Immune activation and suppression by group B streptococcus in a murine model of urinary tract infection
Kline, K. A., Schwartz, D. J., Lewis, W. G., Hultgren, S. J., & Lewis, A. L. (2011). Infection and immunity, 79(9), 3588–3595. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00122-11

Urinary tract infection (recurrent): antimicrobial prescribing
NICE guideline [NG112]Published: 31 October 2018 Last updated: 12 December 2024

PREPARE and periCOVID Africa: Vaccinating mothers to protect newborns and generating data on COVID-19 infections in pregnant women and their offspring

Omniose Awarded NIH Grant of up to $3.0 Million to Develop Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus
BusinessWire September 27, 2023

MinervaX reveals completion of vaccine trial enrolment​
27th June 2023

'Young ISSAD' Committee presentation on Group B Strep Maternal Vaccinations.
Speakers Dr. Natalie Silmon de Monerri, Research Scientific Lead for Pfizer’s GBS Vaccine Program, and Dr. Simon Procter, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. March 15, 2023

Maternal Strep B vaccination could prevent "tens of thousands of newborn deaths and stillbirths" 
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, March 15, 2023
 
MinervaX announces 72M EUR financing to advance development of novel vaccine against Group B Streptococcus Dec 15, 2022

​Can maternal immunization save more newborns? Dec 08, 2022
​
FDA Grants Breakthrough Therapy Designation to Pfizer’s Group B Streptococcus Vaccine Candidate to Help Prevent Infection in Infants Via Immunization of Pregnant Women September 7, 2022
​

Urgent need for vaccine to prevent deadly Group B streptococcus 2 November 2021

MinervaX raises upsized EUR 47.4M (USD 57M) Series B to advance its novel Group B Streptococcus vaccine through mid-stage clinical trials December 15, 2020
​

Group B Streptococcus: Hilleman Labs to make affordable vaccine January 16, 2020
​

MINERVAX ANNOUNCES AWARD OF 4.4 MILLION EURO IN INVESTMENT FROM NOVO HOLDINGS REPAIR IMPACT FUND AND SUNSTONE CAPITAL FOR FURTHER CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY’S VACCINE AGAINST GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS). January 21, 2019
​

MinervaX announces positive results from Phase I trial in 240 healthy adult women with its innovative Group B Streptococcal (GBS) vaccine to  prevent life-threatening infections in newborns. January 5, 2017

PATH welcomes grant to advance Group B Streptococcus vaccine development January 12, 2017

​PFIZER BEGINS PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL TO EVALUATE INVESTIGATIONAL GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS VACCINE June 19, 2017

Surface protein distribution in Group B Streptococcus isolates from South Africa and identifying vaccine targets through in silico analysis
Gent, V., Lu, YJ., Lukhele, S. et al.. Sci Rep 14, 22665 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73175-4

​Maternal immunisation against Group B Streptococcus: A global analysis of health impact and cost-effectiveness.
Procter SR, Gonçalves BP, Paul P, Chandna J, Seedat F, Koukounari A, Hutubessy R, Trotter C, Lawn JE, Jit M. PLoS Med. 2023 Mar 14;20(3):e1004068. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004068. PMID: 36917564; PMCID: PMC10013922.

Vaccine value profile for Group B streptococcus
Trotter, C. L., Alderson, M., Dangor, Z., Ip, M., Le Doare, K., Nakabembe, E., Procter, S. R., Sekikubo, M., & Lambach, P. (2023). Vaccine, 41 Suppl 2, S41–S52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.024

Strategies to Prevent Early and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection via Interventions in Pregnancy.
Delara, M., Vadlamudi, N. K., & Sadarangani, M. (2023). Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 12(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020229

Proof of concept for a single-dose Group B Streptococcus vaccine based on capsular polysaccharide conjugated to Qβ virus-like particles
Carboni, F., Cozzi, R., Romagnoli, G. et al. npj Vaccines 8, 152 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00744-5

Immune response against group B Streptococcus monovalent and pentavalent capsular polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines in Balb/c mice
Dhar, N., Mohamed, E., Kirstein, F., Williams, M., Dorasamy, S., van Zyl, P., Robertson, M. J., Anderson, T., Harden, L. M., Jardine, K., Veeraraghavan, B., Wilson, S., Tippoo, P., Madhi, S. A., & Kwatra, G. (2023). iScience, 26(8), 107380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107380

20 million pregnant women with group B streptococcus carriage: consequences, challenges, and opportunities for prevention
Paul, P., Gonçalves, B. P., Le Doare, K., & Lawn, J. E. (2023). Current opinion in pediatrics, 35(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001223

​Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in African countries and maternal vaccination strategies
Dangor, Z., Seale, A. C., Baba, V., & Kwatra, G. (2023). Frontiers in public health, 11, 1214844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1214844

​Potential for Maternally Administered Vaccine for Infant Group B Streptococcus
Madhi, S. A., Anderson, A. S., Absalon, J., Radley, D., Simon, R., Jongihlati, B., Strehlau, R., van Niekerk, A. M., Izu, A., Naidoo, N., Kwatra, G., Ramsamy, Y., Said, M., Jones, S., Jose, L., Fairlie, L., Barnabas, S. L., Newton, R., Munson, S., Jefferies, Z., … Jansen, K. U. (2023). The New England journal of medicine, 389(3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2116045
Accompanying editorial: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2306234

Simultaneous carriage of multiple serotypes of Group B Streptococcus: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Barro, C., Salloum, M., Lim, S., Delputte, P., & Le Doare, K. (2023). Vaccine, 41(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.024

Maternity care provider acceptance of a future Group B Streptococcus vaccine - A qualitative study in three countries​
Sarah Geoghegan, Francia Acosta, Laura C Stephens, Hanah Gillan, Sandra Valera, Richard J Drew, Maeve Eogan, Adam J Ratner, Andrew P Steenhoff, Karina M Butler, Kristen A Feemster.  Vaccine. 2023 Mar 17;41(12):2013-2021.  doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.037. Epub 2023 Feb 18.
​
Maternal immunisation against Group B Streptococcus: A global analysis of health impact and cost-effectiveness
Simon R. Procter, Bronner P. Gonçalves, Proma Paul, Jaya Chandna, Farah Seedat, Artemis Koukounari, Raymond Hutubessy, Caroline Trotter, Joy E. Lawn, Mark Jit. PLOS Medicine March 14, 2023. ​https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004068
​
Toward the development of a protein-based group B Streptococcus vaccine
Domingues, K., Randis, T. (2022) Cell Reports Medicine. 3(2), 100536. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100536

Methodology for a correlate of protection for group B Streptococcus: Report from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation workshop held on 10 and 11 February 2021
Gilbert PB, Isbrucker R, Andrews N, Goldblatt D, Heath PT, Izu A, Madhi SA, Moulton L, Schrag SJ, Shang N, Siber G, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A. Vaccine. 2022 Jul 30;40(32):4283-4291. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.016. Epub 2022 Jun 29. PMID: 35779963; PMCID: PMC11299424.

A group B Streptococcus alpha-like protein subunit vaccine induces functionally active antibodies in humans targeting homotypic and heterotypic strains.
Pawlowski, A., Lannergård, J., Gonzalez-Miro, M., Cao, D., Larsson, S., Persson, J. J., Kitson, G., Darsley, M., Rom, A. L., Hedegaard, M., Fischer, P. B., & Johansson-Lindbom, B. (2022). Cell reports. Medicine, 3(2), 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100511

Group B Streptococcus awareness month: vaccine and challenges underway.
Tatiana Castro Abreu Pinto, Laura Maria Andrade Oliveira, Natália Silva da Costa, Tatiane Nobre Pinto, Victoria Caroline Neves Leite, et al. Published: July 27, 2021. VOLUME 110, P279-280, SEPTEMBER 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.056

Neonatal invasive disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in Europe: the DEVANI multi-center study
Lohrmann, F., Hufnagel, M., Kunze, M. et al. Infection (2022).
​
A recombinant alpha-like protein subunit vaccine (GBS-NN) provides protection in murine models of Group B Streptococcus infection
Brokaw A, Nguyen S, Quach P, Orvis A, Furuta A, Johansson-Lindbom B, Fischer PB, Rajagopal L. J Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 16:jiac148. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac148. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35429401.

Group B streptococcus vaccines: one step further
Berner R. (2021).The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 21(2), 158–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30451-5

Safety and immunogenicity of a second dose of an investigational maternal trivalent Group B streptococcus vaccine in non-pregnant women 4–6 years after a first dose: results from a phase 2 trial
Geert Leroux-Roels, Zourab Bebia, Cathy Maes, Annelies Aerssens, Fien De Boever, Luca Grassano, Giada Buffi, Immaculada Margarit, Annette Karsten, Stephen Cho, Karen Slobod, Bart Corsaro, Ouzama Henry, Clinical Infectious Diseases. Volume 70, Issue 12, 15 June 2020, Pages 2570–2579, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz737

Mucosal Vaccination with Lactococcus lactis-Secreting Surface Immunological Protein Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Protection against Group B Streptococcus in a Murine Model
Diaz-Dinamarca, D. A., Hernandez, C., Escobar, D. F., Soto, D. A., Muñoz, G. A., Badilla, J. F., Manzo, R. A., Carrión, F., Kalergis, A. M., & Vasquez, A. E. (2020). Vaccines, 8(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020146

Maternal immunization against Group B streptococcus: World Health Organization research and development technological roadmap and preferred product characteristics.
Vekemans, J., Moorthy, V., Friede, M., Alderson, M. R., Sobanjo-Ter Meulen, A., Baker, C. J., Heath, P. T., Madhi, S. A., Mehring-Le Doare, K., Saha, S. K., Schrag, S., & Kaslow, D. C. (2019). Vaccine, 37(50), 7391–7393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.087

​Uncertainties in Screening and Prevention of Group B Streptococcus Disease
​Le Doare, K., Heath, P. T., Plumb, J., Owen, N. A., Brocklehurst, P., & Chappell, L. C. (2019). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 69(4), 720–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1069

​Novel Multiplex Immunoassays for Quantification of IgG against Group B Streptococcus Capsular Polysaccharides in Human Sera 
Giada Buffi, Bruno Galletti, Maria Stella, Daniela Proietti, Evita Balducci, Maria Rosaria Romano, Elena Mori, Monica Fabbrini, Marzia Monica Giuliani, Francesco Berti, Immaculada Margarit Marcela F. Pasetti, Editor Aug 2019, 4 (4) e00273-19; DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00273-19

A Phase II Randomized, Control Trial of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Type III Capsular Polysaccharide -Tetanus Toxoid (GBS III-TT) Vaccine to Prevent Vaginal Colonization with GBS III.
Sharon L Hillier, Patricia Ferrieri, Morven S Edwards, Marian Ewell, Daron Ferris, Paul Fine, Vincent Carey, Leslie Meyn, Dakota Hoagland, Dennis L Kasper, Lawrence C Paoletti, Heather Hill, Carol J Baker;  Clinical Infectious Diseases. Volume 68, Issue 12, 15 June 2019, Pages 2079–2086, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy838

​Group B Streptococcal Maternal Colonization and Neonatal Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Preventative Approaches
Patras, K. A., & Nizet, V. (2018). Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00027

Alternatives to antibiotics—a pipeline portfolio review
Czaplewski L, Bax R, Clokie M, et al. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Volume 16, No. 2, p239–251, February 2016.

Group B streptococcal maternal vaccination, the goal is near.
​Alberto Berardi and Fabrizio Ferrari. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Volume 16, No. 8, p871-872, Aug. 2016.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in the United States: potential for further reduction. (abstract)
Verani JR, Spina NL, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, Harrison LH, Holst A, Thomas S, Garcia JM, Scherzinger K, Aragon D, Petit S, Thompson J, Pasutti L, Carey R,McGee L, Weston E, Schrag SJ. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Apr;123(4):828-37. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000163.

Maternal immunization.
Chu, H.Y., Englund, J.A. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. ​Clin Infect Dis 2014 Aug 15;59(4):560-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu327. Epub 2014 May 5.

Considerations for a phase-III trial to evaluate a group B Streptococcus polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in pregnant women for the prevention of early- and late-onset invasive disease in young-infants.
Madhi SA, Dangor Z, Heath PT, Schrag S, Izu A, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A, Dull PM. Vaccine. 2013 Aug 28;31 Suppl 4:D52-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.029.

The projected health benefits of maternal group B streptococcal vaccination in the era of chemoprophylaxis. (abstract)
Sinha A, Lieu TA, Paoletti LC, Weinstein MC, Platt R. Vaccine. 2005 May 2;23(24):3187-95.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Microorganisms Associated with Lower Reproductive Tract Infections in Women from Southern Poland-Retrospective Laboratory-Based Study.
Wójkowska-Mach J, Pomorska-Wesołowska M, Romanik M, Romaniszyn D. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 5;18(1):335. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010335. PMID: 33466345; PMCID: PMC7794702.

Streptococcus agalactiae vaginitis: nonhemolytic variant on the Liofilchem® Chromatic StreptoB
Savini, V., Marrollo, R., D'Antonio, M., D'Amario, C., Fazii, P., & D'Antonio, D. (2013). International journal of clinical and experimental pathology, 6(8), 1693–1695.

The enhancement of biofilm formation in Group B streptococcal isolates at vaginal pH.
Ho YR, Li CM, Yu CH, Lin YJ et al. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2013 Apr;202(2):105-15. doi: 10.1007/s00430-012-0255-0. Epub 2012 Jul 14.

Streptococcus agalactiae vaginitis: nonhemolytic variant on the Liofilchem® Chromatic StreptoBStudies 
Vincenzo Savini, Roberta Marrollo, Marianna D’Antonio, Claudio D’Amario, Paola Fazil, Domenico D’Antonio. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013; 6(8): 1693–1695. Published online 2013 Jul 15.

Recurrent Colonization by Group B Streptococcus Causing Vulvovaginitis: Short Communications (abstract)
Gary Ventolini, Michael Galloway, Sheela Barhan, and Daniel Hood. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery. December 2011, 27(4): 241-243. doi:10.1089/gyn.2011.0014.

GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS: PREVALENCE IN A NON-OBSTETRIC POPULATION
LECLAIR, C. M., HART, A. E., GOETSCH, M. F., CARPENTIER, H., & JENSEN, J. T. (2010). Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 14(3), 162–166. http://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0b013e3181d3d40f

​By the way, doctor: What can I do about strep B vaginitis?
Harvard Women's Health Watch. Updated: April 16, 2019. Published: June, 2009.

Group B streptococcal vaginitis in postpubertal adolescent girls
Liana R.ClarkM.D.; MarisaAtendido C.R.N.P. Received 4 November 2003, Revised 4 March 2004, Available online 13 April 2005. Volume 36, Issue 5, May 2005, Pages 437-440

Treatment of vaginitis and vulvitis
Gayle Fischer, Dermatologist, Westmead, New South Wales. Aust Prescr 2001;24:59-61 | 1 March 2001 | http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2001.067.

Streptococcus agalactiae: a vaginal pathogen? 
Maniatis AN, Palermos J, Kantzanou M, Maniatis NA, Christodoulou C, Legakis NJ. Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece. J Med Microbiol.;44(3):199-202, March 1996.

Can group B streptococci cause symptomatic vaginitis? (abstract)
Honig E, Mouton JW , van der Meijden WI. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1999;7(4):206-9.

Poster presentations from GBSI's past symposiums:
A Logic Model Analysis for Differentiating Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Group B Streptococcus Vaginitis (GBSv) and Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis (DIV) and the Vaginal Health

Revisiting group B strep (GBS) symptomatic vaginitis (GBSSV)

Genital streptococcal infection in non-pregnant women: a case-note review. (abstract)
Sonnex C. Int J STD AIDS. 2013 Jun;24(6):447-8. doi: 10.1177/0956462412472810. Epub 2013 Jul 4.

GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS: PREVALENCE IN A NON-OBSTETRIC POPULATION
Leclair, C. M., Hart, A. E., Goetsch, M. F., Carpentier, H., Jensen, J. T. (2010) Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease,14(3), 162–166. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3181d3d40f.
​
Group B streptococcus carriage and vulvovaginal symptoms: causal or casual? A case-control study in a GUM clinic population
C Shaw, M Mason, A Scoular. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79:246-248 doi:10.1136/sti.79.3.246

​Infectious Vaginitis 
David A. Eschenbach, MD, Director, Division of Gynecology; Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. GLOWM, The Global Library of Women’s Medicine
Includes sections on “Diagnosis” and steps in a “Physical Examination”

What is the best approach for managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis?
Grace A. Alfonsi, MD; Judith C. Shlay, MD, MSPH
Denver Health and Hospital Authority, University of Colorado Health Sciences Ctr. Sandi Parker, MLS: Denison Memorial Library, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver. Journal of Family Practice, Vol. 53, No. 8. August 2004.
​
Should we screen for bacterial vaginosis in those at risk for preterm labor?
Beth Potter, MD and Laura Jhorden, MD, Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison;
Marlene Porter, MLS, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo. Journal of Family Practice, Vol. 53(10)  October 2004.

Poster presentations from GBSI's past symposiums:
A Logic Model Analysis for Differentiating Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Group B Streptococcus Vaginitis (GBSv) and Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis (DIV) and the Vaginal Health
​
Revisiting group B strep (GBS) symptomatic vaginitis (GBSSV)

Does vaginal douching affect the risk of vaginal infections in pregnant women?
Sakru N, Inceboz T, Inceboz U, Zeren I, Karakus M, Kirca U. Saudi Med J. 2006 Feb;27(2):215-8. PMID: 16501679.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Microorganisms Associated with Lower Reproductive Tract Infections in Women from Southern Poland-Retrospective Laboratory-Based Study
Wójkowska-Mach, J., Pomorska-Wesołowska, M., Romanik, M., & Romaniszyn, D. (2021). International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(1), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010335